Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

1.

These are forms of polygamy:

(A) Endogamy and Exogamy
(B) Monogamy and Polygamy
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these

2.

Reciprocal exchange with an explicit expectation of immediate return is:

(A) Balanced reciprocity
(B) Generalized reciprocity
(C) Negative reciprocity
(D) None of these

3.

The belief that spirits reside in all organic and inorganic objects is called:

(A) Polytheism
(B) Monotheism
(C) Animism
(D) None of these

4.

Who formulated the idea of hegemony?

(A) Herbert Spencer
(B) Friedrich Engels
(C) Karl Marx
(D) None of these

5.

Social groups that consist of two or more clans combined are termed as:

(A) Moieties
(B) Phratries
(C) Big Clans
(D) None of these

6.

A married couple who resides with the husband's mother-brother is termed as:

(A) Matrilocal
(B) Patrilocal
(C) Neolocal
(D) None of these

7.

The rule that a widow is expected to marry one of her deceased husband's brothers is:

(A) Sororate Marriage
(B) Parallel cousin marriage
(C) Avunculate
(D) None of these

8.

Analyzing data without personal bias or prejudice is known as:

(A) Subjectivity
(B) Objectivity
(C) Generalization
(D) None of these

9.

The research method in which the researcher observes people without exposing their actual identity or purpose is called:

(A) Overt observation
(B) Participant observation
(C) Covert observation
(D) None of these

10.

In qualitative research, the stage when collecting more data no longer gives new information is called:

(A) Saturation
(B) Sampling error
(C) Validity
(D) None of these

11.

The social position assigned to a person at birth rather than earned is:

(A) Ascribed status
(B) Achieved status
(C) Socio-economic status
(D) None of these

12.

The ability to get others to do something, even against their will, is known as:

(A) Authority
(B) Power
(C) Consensus
(D) None of these

13.

The ability to influence others through personal charm or exceptional qualities is called:

(A) Power
(B) Authority
(C) Charisma
(D) None of these

14.

Movements for radical cultural reforms in response to widespread social disruption or crises are called:

(A) Revitalization Movements
(B) Revolution
(C) Cargo-cult
(D) None of these

15.

Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have biological basis:

(A) Discrimination
(B) Prejudice
(C) Racism
(D) None of these

16.

The study of human evolution through the analysis of fossils is called:

(A) Physical Anthropology
(B) Paleoanthropology
(C) Primatology
(D) None of these

17.

Triangulation in research means:

(A) Relying only on documentary evidence
(B) Careful selection of key informants
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these

18.

Understanding a culture according to its own values and standards is:

(A) Cultural universals
(B) Ethnocentrism
(C) Cultural relativism
(D) None of these

19.

The displacement of population due to environmental degradation is called:

(A) Forced migration
(B) Acculturation
(C) Urban planning
(D) None of these

20.

Strong cultural norm that prohibited sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives is called:

(A) Folkways
(B) Mores
(C) Incest taboo
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

 

NOTE:

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2

Critically analyze the role of human agency in shaping and sustaining ethnic identities in multicultural societies. How do individuals and groups negotiate and mobilize their ethnic boundaries in social, political, and economic contexts?

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

Fieldwork in anthropology is influenced by the researcher’s positionality, methodological choices and social context. Discuss how biases can arise at different stages of fieldwork. Explain how anthropologists can uphold objectivity and epistemic responsibility in producing reliable knowledge.

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Discuss how Oscar Lewis’s concept of the “culture of poverty” can be applied to current global social problems such as rising urban slums, intergenerational unemployment, and educational disparities. In what ways does the concept illuminate cultural patterns, and in what ways does it obscure structural forces shaping poverty today?

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

Discuss and analyze the socio-cultural, environmental, and economic impacts of massive urbanization and the growth of urban slums. Use anthropological theories or empirical evidence to explain how social inequality, marginalization, and informal economies change community life and everyday practices.

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Historically, writing has been a tool of political authority and control. How do contemporary media systems and the forces of globalization continue to shape power dynamics, influence public opinion and drive socio-cultural change across societies? Discuss in the context of power, ideology and global inequalities.

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

Based on Malinowski’s analysis of the Kula ring, men maintain social influence through balanced reciprocity. Explain why the system would break down if participants began practicing negative reciprocity, considering its effects on trust, alliances, and social status.

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

From a feminist anthropological perspective, analyze how intersecting factors such as class, ethnicity, and religion influence women’s experiences of inequality and exclusion in Pakistan. How can these insights contribute to more effective women’s rights movements and policies?

(20)

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Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

1.

A process through which the principles of fast-food restaurants are applied to the rest of the world is known as:

(A) Globalization
(B) McDonaldization
(C) Westernization
(D) None of these

2.

A culturally idealized form of masculinity that legitimizes men's dominance over women and other men in society is known as:

(A) Authority
(B) Hegemonic Masculinity
(C) Power
(D) None of these

3.

Immersion in the field is an important component of the following method:

(A) Phenomenology
(B) Ethnography
(C) Case Study
(D) None of these

4.

Validity in qualitative research is maintained through:

(A) Triangulation, respondent validation and reflexivity
(B) Positionality, survey, and observations
(C) Respondent validation, FGDs and interviews
(D) None of these

5.

Who gave the concept of Verstehen?

(A) Karl Marx
(B) Judith Butler
(C) Max Weber
(D) None of these

6.

A belief that one’s own cultural values, customs, morals are superior to those of others is called:

(A) Ethnocentrism
(B) Ecocentrism
(C) Xenocentrism
(D) None of these

7.

A marriage type in which a woman is allowed to have multiple husbands is known as:

(A) Polygamy
(B) Polyandry
(C) Polygyny
(D) None of these

8.

A type of participant observation where a researcher joins a group without revealing their identity is known as:

(A) Covert
(B) Overt
(C) Reflexivity
(D) None of these

9.

The key elements of culture include:

(A) Religion, folkways, artifacts, symbols and discourses
(B) Mores, symbol, faith, food, values and symbol
(C) Symbol, language, norms, values and artifacts
(D) None of these

10.

What is the study of human communication through body movements and gestures?

(A) Kinesics
(B) Proxemics
(C) Linguistics
(D) None of these

11.

A web of relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies is known as:

(A) Patronage
(B) Kinship
(C) Network
(D) None of these

12.

A theoretical perspective that believes in balance and order in the society is known as:

(A) Holism
(B) Structuralism
(C) Structural Functionalism
(D) None of these

13.

Which of the following is a process that explains how new ideas and technologies spread through a population?

(A) Acculturation
(B) Evolution
(C) Diffusion
(D) None of these

14.

Clifford Geertz is an Anthropologist known for his contribution to:

(A) Archeology
(B) Political Anthropology
(C) Symbolic Anthropology
(D) None of these

15.

What is the primary critique of essentialism in anthropology?

(A) It overemphasizes the importance of biology in shaping human behavior.
(B) It ignores the fluidity and diversity of human experiences.
(C) It focuses too heavily on individual agency and choice.
(D) None of these

16.

The Elementary Structures of Kinship was written by:

(A) Levi-Strauss
(B) Clifford Geertz
(C) Max Weber
(D) None of these

17.

Ethnography is a research method in Anthropology introduced by:

(A) Bronislaw Malinowski
(B) Martin Heidegger
(C) Mary Wollstonecraft
(D) None of these

18.

The term cultural lag was coined by:

(A) Levi Strauss
(B) George Brown
(C) William Ogburn
(D) None of these

19.

A pattern of residence in which the husband comes to reside in wife’s house after marriage is called:

(A) Patrilocal residence
(B) Bilocal residence
(C) Neolocal residence
(D) None of these

20.

How does the concept of “biopower” as developed by Michel Foucault help us understand the relationship between power and the body?

(A) By arguing that power resides solely in the hands of the state.
(B) By demonstrating how power operates through subtle and often invisible means to shape bodies and behaviors.
(C) By emphasizing the importance of individual resistance to power.
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

 

NOTE:

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2

Outline and explain some of the major perspectives in globalization studies. In what ways has the globalization of media and culture impacted the Pakistani society? Critically analyze the pros and cons of such changes on indigenous culture.

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

Interpretivism has been applied in anthropological research historically. Provide specific examples of Anthropological studies that reflect Interpretivist approach to research. Critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of using Interpretivism in anthropological research.

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Discuss the concept of “fictive kinship” and its significance in contemporary societies. Provide examples of fictive kinship relationships from different cultures including Pakistan.

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

Define and explain the anthropological concepts of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’. Critically examine the social and political implications of racial and ethnic categorizations, providing examples from historical and contemporary contexts. What are the implications of ethnic and racial discriminations in Pakistani society?

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Explain and critique the concept of “value” in economic anthropology. How do different cultures conceptualize and ascribe value to goods, services, and labor? Provide examples to support your answer.

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

Poverty and social inequality are complex global problems having serious social, economic and political consequences. Analyze these problems and their consequences in contemporary Pakistan using Dependency and Structuralism Theories.

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

Write Brief Notes on the following: (10 each)

(i) Discuss the role of social networks and social capital in shaping urban experiences.

(ii) What are some of the ethical considerations for feminist anthropologists conducting fieldwork?

(20)

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Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

1.

The study of artifacts and excavation of material remains in historic sites to understand the past society is called:

(A) Archaeology
(B) Physical Anthropology
(C) Primatology
(D) None of these

2.

The subfield of anthropology in which anthropological knowledge is used to solve real-world problems is called:

(A) Basic Anthropology
(B) Applied Anthropology
(C) Ethnography
(D) None of these

3.

The mindset or conviction that one's own culture's morals, values, and customs are superior to those of other people is known as:

(A) Xenocentrism
(B) Ethnocentrism
(C) Ecocentrism
(D) None of these

4.

The process through which individual learn their cultural values is called:

(A) Transculturation
(B) Acculturation
(C) Enculturation
(D) None of these

5.

The anthropological method in which the researcher immerses in the community and participates in their daily activities to gather research data is called:

(A) Observation
(B) Participant Observation
(C) In-depth interviews
(D) None of these

6.

Hunting and gathering society, in which people acquire food by collecting wild plants and hunting animals of their region/territory, is also known as:

(A) Horticulture
(B) Foraging
(C) Herding/Pastoralism
(D) None of these

7.

Marriage type in which one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands is known as:

(A) Polygamy
(B) Polyandry
(C) Polygyny
(D) None of these

8.

The Custom whereby a widower is expected to marry the sister of his deceased wife is called:

(A) Levirate
(B) Surrogate
(C) Sororate
(D) None of these

9.

The political leader who does not hold formal office and whose power comes from influence rather than authority is known as:

(A) Chief
(B) Headman
(C) Lord
(D) None of these

10.

The norms about behavior that carry moral connotations are:

(A) Folkways
(B) Mores
(C) Values
(D) None of these

11.

If the siblings are from the opposite sex, their children are:

(A) First cousins
(B) Parallel cousins
(C) Cross cousins
(D) None of these

12.

The following theorist believes that symbols serve as catalysts for social action and have predictable effects that motivate individuals and communities to act:

(A) Clifford Geertz
(B) Victor Turner
(C) Talal Asad
(D) None of these

13.

The “Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis” that language shapes a person's worldview by influencing their thoughts and perceptions is called:

(A) Historical Particularism
(B) Linguistic Relativity
(C) Symbolism
(D) None of these

14.

The theoretical perspective claiming that technological and economic factors play an important role in shaping society is called:

(A) Cultural Materialism
(B) Cultural Appropriation
(C) Cultural Diffusionism
(D) None of these

15.

The term “Cultural Ecology” was coined by the following anthropologist:

(A) Leslie White
(B) Julian Steward
(C) Marvin Harris
(D) None of these

16.

A residence form gives a couple the option of living with either their husband's or wife's family is known as:

(A) Bilocal residence
(B) Neolocal
(C) Ambilocal
(D) None of these

17.

The belief that a higher power may or may not exist is:

(A) Agnosticism
(B) Atheism
(C) Pantheism
(D) None of these

18.

The famous book “The Savage Mind” is written by:

(A) Claude Levi-Strauss
(B) Franz Boas
(C) Bronislaw Malinowski
(D) None of these

19.

The nineteenth-century theoretical orientation held that all human ways of life pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development:

(A) Unilineal evolutionism
(B) Multilinear evolutionism
(C) Neo-evolutionism
(D) None of these

20.

A person within a community who possesses specialized knowledge of that community and is considered an expert source of information for a fieldworker is called:

(A) Respondent
(B) Key informant
(C) Interlocutor
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

 

NOTE:

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2

Discuss the concept of culture as the “totality of human life”. How and why does culture matter in determining human attitudes and lifeworlds? Cite examples from various cultures, including your own.

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

What is the configuration of kinship structure in Pakistan? How does the institution of kinship contribute to the thriving of socio-cultural life? Elaborate your answer using pertinent examples.

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Why do qualitative researchers believe that the empiricist philosophy is not appropriate for studying the social world? How do you compare both approaches – Empiricism and Interpretivism?

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

What is Clifford Geertz’s idea of “Thick Description”? How does it aid anthropologists in grasping a deeper and nuanced understanding of the meaning embedded in social behaviors?

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Discuss the interplay between enculturation and cognition. How does Margaret Mead's study of Samoa demonstrate the importance of the enculturation process in shaping one’s life experiences?

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

How commodities are produced and consumed culturally? Give specific examples elaborating how people attach distinct meanings and values to commodities.

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

“Bands represent the simplest form of the political organization whereas the state is the enactment of the centralized political system”.

Keeping in mind the aforementioned statement, critically analyze the evolution and development of the political system.

(20)

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Q. No. 2

Anthropology focuses on every aspect of human being through physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology and socio-cultural anthropology. Explain.

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

Distinguish among three major types of food production system i.e. horticulture, intensive agriculture and pastoralism. How agriculture can be developed to bring about economic prosperity in Pakistan?

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Explain internal and external conflict theories about the emergence of early state societies. Social stratification is one of the defining qualities of the state. Explain.

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

Explain theory of structural-functionalism of Radcliffe-Brown in which aspects of culture are viewed in terms of the part they play in maintaining the social structure.

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

Define patrilineal and matrilineal organizations. How patrilineal organization affect the political organization in Pakistan Society?

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

Define social stratification. Differentiate between caste and class societies with reference to examples from South Asia.

(20)

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Q. No. 2

What is CRM stands for in anthropology? Justify, how far the cultural knowledge generated through the application of four branches of anthropology is important and contribute in the overall development of the country like Pakistan?

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

Anthropologically what various belief and magic systems across the history humans have practiced as a social institution? What belief systems other than the religions are still being practiced in Pakistani society today and why?

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Keeping the Karl Marx (1818-1884) theory of conflict, justify how far the establishment of enormous, gigantic slums or squatter settlements in almost all metropolitan cities are natural or due to discriminatory economic management?

Support your arguments with examples.

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

One of the dynamic aspects of the culture is "its Adaptive and Maladaptive nature" what it means? In the light of this context, critically discuss the cultural practices which are maladaptive, thus causing underdevelopment.

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

What is "Ethnic Homogenization"? Discuss its various mechanisms used today by the states.

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

Highlight the major contributions of some of major anthropologists like, Edward Bernard Taylor, Bronislaw Malinowski, Margret Mead and Clifford Geertz.

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

Differentiate between "etic" and "emic" approaches used in anthropological research.

Highlight various ethnographic techniques used by ethnographers in conducting research in anthropology?

(20)

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Q. No. 2. Discuss the fields and branches of anthropology. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 3. Define primitive economic organization. Discuss the scope and relevance of economic organization with anthropology. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 4. Discuss various conditions and factors responsible for social change and development in simple societies. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 5. Give a distinction between technique, method and methodology. What tools of data collection are usually used in anthropology? (20)

 

 

Q. No. 6. Discuss in detail family institution and its various types on the basis of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 7. Discuss and compare various forms of divine religions with other world religion including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 8. Discuss in detail the process of Social Control in primitive societies. (20)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q. No. 2. — (20)

Define anthropology. How is it different form other fields of Social Sciences in terms of approach and methodology?

 

Q. No. 3. — (20)

Discuss the issue of objectivity and subjectivity in the field of social research. Explain whether or not objective research is attainable in social anthropology.

 

Q. No. 4. — (20)

Culture develops in response to the basic needs of human beings. Explain.

 

Q. No. 5. — (20)

Economics systems evolved through reciprocity to redistribution and market system. Explain.

 

Q. No. 6. — (20)

Religion is a significant commonality in Pakistani Culture. How sectarianism can be controlled to use religion for national integration?

 

Q. No. 7. — (20)

Elaborate different types of kinship systems. Kinship affect political allegiances in Pakistan. Explain.

 

Q. No. 8. — (20)

Write short notes on any FOUR of the following: (5 each)

(a) Rural-urban migration

(b) Participant observation

(c) Types of family

(d) Main branches of anthropology

(e) Cultural relativism

(f) Applied anthropology and community development

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Q. No. 2. How perspective of Anthropology can be used to study global trends like global warming and erosion of bio-diversity? (20)

 

 

Q. No. 3. How applied anthropology can be utilized to solve the problems faced by humanity in contemporary world? (20)

 

 

Q. No. 4. Write a detailed account of gift exchange. Give samples from everyday life to substantiate your answer? (20)

 

 

Q. No. 5. Define “animism” and state the evolutionary scheme of religion provided by E. B. Tylor. 20)

 

 

Q. No. 6. What is incest taboo? Explain different theories about incest taboo. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 7. Is this poverty which is the real cause of overpopulation or it is the population pressure that is responsible for increasing poverty? Substantiate your argument by quoting relevant facts and figures. (20)

 

 

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any FOUR of the following: (5 each)
(a) Sororal Polygyny & Sororate
(b) Uxorilocal residence & Virilocal Residence
(c) Phratry & Moiety
(d) Research tools & Research Method
(e) Palaeolithic Culture
(f) Ethnography
(20)