Criminology Past Papers - CSS Forum

Criminology Past Papers 2026

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:47:30 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2026 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Who is known as the “Father of Modern Criminology”?
(A) Cesare Lombroso (B) Beccaria (C) Sutherland (D) None of these

2. “Anomie” is associated with:
(A) Durkheim (B) Freud (C) Hirschi (D) None of these

3. Penology deals with the study of:
(A) Causes of crime (B) Punishment and prisons (C) Victim rights (D) All of these

4. Which theory states “people commit crime due to blocked opportunities”?
(A) Strain Theory (B) Labeling Theory (C) Conflict Theory (D) None of these

5. The Broken Windows Theory is associated with:
(A) Beccaria (B) Hirschi (C) Becker (D) None of these

6. The term “White-Collar Crime” was coined by:
(A) Reckless (B) Cohen (C) Sutherland (D) None of these

7. The routine activity theory emphasizes:
(A) Motivated offender (B) Suitable target (C) Absence of capable guardian (D) All of these

8. A crime committed without criminal intent is known as:
(A) Mens rea (B) Strict liability (C) Mala prohibita (D) All of these

9. “Mala in se” crimes are:
(A) Wrong because they are prohibited (B) Wrong in themselves
(C) Civil wrongs (D) None of these

10. The first modern police force was established in:
(A) USA (B) France (C) England (D) None of these

11. The term actus reus means:
(A) Criminal intent (B) Criminal act (C) Defense (D) All of these

12. Forensic pathology deals with:
(A) Dead bodies (B) DNA analysis (C) Fingerprints (D) None of these

13. According to Freud, criminality arises from imbalance in:
(A) Ego, Id, Superego (B) Body fluids (C) Strength (D) All of these

14. Environmental criminology focuses on:
(A) Forest protection (B) Crime locations and patterns (C) Weather/Climate (D) All of these

15. The psychological test for deception is:
(A) Narco test (B) DNA (C) Fingerprint (D) None of these

16. A criminal’s signature refers to:
(A) Unique ritualistic behaviour (B) Fingerprints (C) Legal signature (D) None of these

17. Labeling Theory was proposed by:
(A) Cohen (B) Freud (C) Becker (D) None of these

18. Predictive policing uses:
(A) Data analytics (B) Astrology (C) Guesswork (D) All of these

19. The M'Naghten Rule relates to:
(A) Eyewitness (B) Bail (C) Insanity defense (D) None of these

20. Eyewitness testimony is:
(A) Always accurate (B) Fully Scientific (C) Not allowed (D) None of these

PART-II

SECTION-A

Q. No. 2. How would you describe the criminological reasons behind the rise of misinformation and disinformation, especially during political conflicts? (20)

Q. No. 3. Explain how growing polarization among youth can contribute to hate crimes,
using basic concepts from symbolic interactionism. (20)

SECTION-B

Q. No. 4. According to Conflict Theory, crime is a product of social inequality. In your opinion how relevant is this perspective for understanding the nature and patterns of crime in developing countries such as Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss how emerging technologies such as deepfakes, quantum computing, and AI surveillance may influence the nature of crime in the coming decades. (20)

SECTION-C

Q. No. 6. Discuss how declining public trust in institutions can contribute to deviant behaviour, non-cooperation, and social resistance in Pakistani society.
(20)

Q. No. 7. Analyze the contributions of UNODC and UNICEF in promoting criminal justice reforms, capacity-building, and child protection. Propose a strategic plan for Pakistan to leverage their programs for strengthening juvenile justice and antitrafficking measures. (20)

SECTION-D

Q. No. 8. Suggest practical crime-prevention strategies suitable for densely populated urban areas in Pakistan. Discuss their feasibility and potential effectiveness. (20)

Q. No. 9. Identify the possible effects of Artificial Intelligence on employment, surveillance, and social inequality in Pakistan from a criminological perspective.
(20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2025

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:41:21 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2025 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. The term criminology is derived from the combination of two Latin words:
(A) Criminality, logic (B) Crimen, logia (C) Crimen, logistic (D) None of these

2. Which approach holds that deviance is not a feature of a group or individual but a Process of
group interaction through which one individual is defined as deviant:
(A) Labeling theory (B) Control theory (C) Functionalist theory (D) None of these

3. Who first introduced the notion of anomie into Sociology?
(A) August Comte (B) Karl Marx (C) Max Weber (D) Emile Durkheim

4. In the mid of 1960’s Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Aker presented their differential ________
theory of crime.
(A) Reinforcement (B) Association (C) Social learning (D) None of these

5. Which of the following processes focuses on individual offenders and emphasizes the possibility of
changing their behavior?
(A) Retribution (B) Rehabilitation (C) Deterrence (D) None of these

6. Which of the following is not an index crime?
(A)Burglary (B) Larceny (C) Fraud (D) None of these

7. Who wrote the famous monograph 'On Crimes and Punishments' in 1764?
(A) Charlas Mantisqueiue (B) Jerm Bentham (C) Cesare Beccaria (D) None of these

8. __________ is defined as “non-confirmity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant
number of people in society:
(A) Criminality (B) Deviance (C) Recidivism (D) Degeneracy

9. White-collar crime is low in visibility because?
(A) Involves only small amounts of money (B) The proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoisie
(C) Goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions (D) None of these

10. Crimes that are conducted over the internet or other computer network are called:
(A) Cyber (B) Blue crime (C) Felony (D) None of these

11. As per section 5, of the Probation of Offenders Ordinance and offender of an offence under
section 392, P.P.C Can:
(A) Be released on probation (B) Not be released on probation (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

12. R.K. Merton argued that a person could experience strain they cannot achieve culturally
acceptable goals via socially-acceptable means, then he adopted alternated way, he titled that way
as: (A) Conformists (B) Innovators (C) Rtualist (D) None of these

13. Under section 562, Cr.P.C Court has power to release offender on probation of ?
(A) Being educated (B) Good conduct (C) Being old ager or minor (D) None of these

14. The Parliament and the Constitution are instruments of?
(A) Legal Justice (B) Political Justice (C) Economic Justice (D) Social Justice

15. Article 123 of the Police Order 2002 empowers any police officer not below the rank of
_________ to give direction against serious disorder at place of amusement?
(A) S.S.P. or above (B) S.H.O. or above (C) Assistant Sub-Inspector (D) None of these

16. Lombroso claimed that:
(A) Criminals were socialized by interaction (B) No act is intrinsically deviant
(C) Biological failings drove criminal (D) Women were less likely to be arrested than men

17. What does U.C.R. stand for?
(A) Uniform Crime Report (B) Universal Crime Rate
(C) Undefined Criminal Rule (D) None of these

18. Crime mapping shows:
(A) Location of crime (B) Crime arrest rates (C) Crime statistics (D) None of these

19. The intent to commit the criminal act is known as:
(A) Mens rea (B) Actus reus (C) Mala in se (D) None of these

20. No Police Officer shall engage in any private employment while he is a member of the police
establishment as provided by Article _________, of the Police Order 2002?
(A) 116 (B) 117 (C) 118 (D) None of these

PART-II

SECTION-A

Q. No. 2. Discuss the scope of criminology and its significance in Pakistani society. (20)

Q. No. 3. Explain R.K. Merton’s Strain Theory. Critically elaborate its effects on youth and
suggest remedies to overcome. (20)

SECTION-B

Q. No. 4. Explain juvenile delinquency. What are the socio-economic, demographic, and
environmental factors that lead to juvenile delinquency?
(20)
Q. No. 5. What difficulties do police officers’ encounter in preventing crime and upholding social order and law? (20)

SECTION-C

Q. No. 6. Describe following types of legal Justice: (5 each)
(a) Retributive Justice (b) Procedural Justice
(c) Distributive Justice (d) Restorative Justice (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the importance of the investigation process in the criminal justice system. How can these be more effective? (20)

SECTION-D

Q. No. 8. Is radicalism present in Pakistani society? How does it escalate into terrorism? (20)

Q. No. 9. Write short notes on the following: (10 each)
(a) Anti Narcotics Force
(b) Money Laundering (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2024

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:34:54 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2024 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Children who continue to commit status offense despite repeated intervention by the family, school,
social service, and Law Enforcement Agencies are called:
(A) Life course persistent offender (B) Chronic status offender (C) Recidivist (D) None of these

2. Cesare Beccaria had written a book on “crime and punishment” in:
(A) 1764 (B) 1738 (C) 1799 (D) None of these

3. “Parens patriae” is:
(A) The supreme guardian of every child (B) Ultimate guardian of every child
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these.

4. The first specialized correctional institute for youth in the United States was:
(A) Borstal institution (B) Juvenile court (C) House of commons (D) None of these

5. ___________ is called the father of probation.
(A) Blackstone (B) John Augustus (C) Travis Hirschi (D) None of these

6. A philosophy of punishment based on society’s moral outrage or disapproval of a crime is called:
(A) Individual justice (B) Utilitarian philosophy (C) Retribution (D) None of these

7. Social Disorganization Theory was proposed by:
(A) Wilson & Kelin (B) Robert K. Merton (C) Edwin Sutherland (D) None of these

8. Many of the rules prescribed severe penalties which apply the dictum " An eye for an eye, a tooth for
a tooth." was related to:
(A) The code of severe punishment (B) The Code of Hammurabi
(C) Societal laws of UK (D) None of these

9. According to Strain theory, ___________ are those individuals who have traditional success goals, but
substitute deviant means to achieve them.
(A) Conformists (B) Innovators (C) Rebeles (D) None of these

10. ____________ coined the term Criminology.
(A) Cesare Beccaria (B) Cesare Lombroso (C) Becker (D) None of these

11. Who is considered the father of Criminology?
(A) Cesare Beccaria (B) Jermy Bentham (C) Cesare Lombroso (D) None of these

12. ___________ is a malicious software that inserts itself into other programs.
(A) Worms (B) Malware (C) Virus (D) None of these

13. _________damages data, ___________ steals sensitive private information.
(A) Virus, Spyware (B) Virus, Antivirus (C) Antivirus, Spyware (D) None of these

14. Phishing is a form of:
(A) Impersonation (B) Spamming (C) Identity theft (D) None of these

15. A working definition of the problem is formulated during which stage of the SARA problem-solving approach?
(A) Assessment (B) Analysis (C) Response (D) None of these

16. Community policing recommends _________________, with less reliance on the patrol car and more
emphasis on face-to-face interactions.
(A) Prevention Emphasis (B) Geographic Focus (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

17. ____________ is when a company or person sends unwanted email to another person.
(A) Skimming (B) Spoofing (C) Spamming (D) None of these

18. A person who frequently has been convicted of criminal behavior and is presumed to be a danger.
(A) Occasional Criminals (B) Habitual Criminals (C) Professional Criminals(D) None of these

19. _________________ applied a positivist approach in analyzing crimes.
(A) Cesare Lombroso (B) R. K. Merton (C) Cesare Beccaria (D) None of these

20. _____________ describes repeat offending by those who have been in prison.
(A) Repetition (B) Receprocal (C) Recidivism (D) None of these

PART-II

SECTION-A

Q. No. 2. Explain the concept of crime as a social problem. How does the perception of crime as a social problem vary across different societies? (20)

Q. No. 3. Explain Labelling Theory. Critically elaborate its effects on youth and suggest remedies also. (20)

SECTION-B

Q. No. 4. Explain juvenile delinquency. What are the socio- economic, demographic and environmental factors lead to juvenile delinquency? (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss the role of rehabilitation centers in the reformative treatment of criminals. How do these centers contribute to the reintegration of offenders into society?

SECTION-C

Q. No. 6. Enumerate and explain the key principles that guide effective criminal investigations. How do these principles contribute to the success of an
investigation? (20)

Q. No. 7. Provide an overview of the International Police Association (IPA). What is its mission, and how does it contribute to international police relations?
(20)

SECTION-D

Q. No. 8. Define radicalization. What factors contribute to individuals becoming radicalized, and how can societies address these influences? (20)

Q. No. 9. Discuss the concept of community policing and explain potential benefits and challenges associated with its implementation in Pakistan. How can these challenges be effectively addressed? (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2023

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:18:50 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2023
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART – II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. Discuss scope of Criminology as science dealing with study of criminal law,
forensics and criminal investigation. (20)

Q. No. 3. Suggest Measures to control robberies/dacoities and urban street criminality in
Pakistan? (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. How juvenile delinquency can be reduced through institutional role, professional
counseling and increased care? (20)

Q. No. 5. What challenges are faced by police in controlling crime and maintaining law and
order in the country? (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. Why crime scene is important for investigators? What are the crime scene search patterns? (20)

Q. No. 7. How international policing and monitoring organizations control human trafficking? (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. ‘Terrorism and radicalization continue to pose threat to global peace, economy and stability’. Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 9. What is the role of FIA in controlling organized criminality in Pakistan? (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2022

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:15:28 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2022
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART – II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. What is the difference between crime, deviance, sin and vice? Do you believe that crime is one of the major social problems of Pakistani society? Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 3. What is the meaning of Anomie? Discuss Robert Merton theory of Anomie in detail. (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. Define the term juvenile delinquency. Write a note on the history of juvenile justice system and role of juvenile court in reducing juvenile delinquency. (20)

Q. No. 5. In Pakistan, the creation of police force is a colonial legacy. In which circumstances independent police force was established in the pre-independence era. What major changes have been occurred in the police department in Pakistan? (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. What are the legal and ethical guidelines for investigating gender-based crimes? Explain your answer with the help of suitable examples. (20)

Q. No. 7. What is meant by forensic criminal investigation? What are the hurdles in streamlining the forensic criminal investigation in Pakistan? (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. What is the role of community policing in curtailing the problem of crime in Pakistan? (20)

Q. No. 9. Discuss the role of FIA in controlling organized crimes in Pakistan. (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2021

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:11:09 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2021
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART – II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. Critically analyze the biological theories of criminality. (20)

Q. No. 3. (a) How would you classify criminal behavior? (10 each)
(b) What would be the focus of typology? (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. Describe various procedures and problems of Criminal Courts in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. Define Juvenile probation. Explain the organization and administration of Juvenile probation services. (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. What are the principles and techniques of interrogation? How far these techniques havepotential to clear an accused? (20)

Q. No. 7. What is the difference between EUROPOL and INTERPOL? How does EUROPOL assist Member states investigation to control terrorist networks in Europe? (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. Several specific law enforcement strategies fall within the framework of intelligenceled policing. Discuss any four strategies. (20)

Q. No. 9. (a) What is Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML)? Discuss with examples. (10 each)
(b) Do Cryptocurrencies have a high money laundering risk? Discuss. (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2020

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:05:20 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2020
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART – II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. What is your position on the nature vs nurture debate in criminology? (20)

Q. No. 3. Define and explain the following concepts: (05 marks each)
(a) Left realism and right realism
(b) Phrenology and Physiognomy
(c) Corporal punishment and capital punishment
(d) Sociology of Law, Criminal Etiology and Penology (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. Write a comprehensive note on the risk and protective factors of juvenile delinquency
in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. What is recidivism? What kind of institutional modern strategies could be used for the
reintegration of the criminals in Pakistan? (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. Define criminal investigation and its principles. Highlight with examples the
importance of modern techniques used for crime detection in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 7. The International Criminal Police Organization- ICPO, INTERPOL was founded in
1914 with the founding principle to coordinate efforts relating to international police
cooperation. How do you see the role of INTERPOL for reducing money laundering
with special reference to Pakistan? (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. Explain the institutional corrections and alternative community corrections strategies in
detail. Support your answer with examples where appropriate. (20)

Q. No. 9. Keeping in view the social learning perspective in criminology, discuss how terrorists
use internet as a tool to reinforce their ideology among youth in Pakistan. (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2019

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 07:00:32 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2019
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART – II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. Travis Hirschi argued that crime results when an individual’s bond to society is weak
or broken. Discuss in detail what this theory of social bonding explains about crime. (20)

Q. No. 3. Discuss the fundamental postulates of Edwin Sutherland’s ‘Differential Association
theory’ with examples. (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. Discuss some of the functions and responsibilities of Juvenile Justice System. Do you believe that Juvenile Justice has played its role in prevention of juvenile crimes in Pakistan? (20)

Q. No. 5. How far recidivism has been limited by the institution of prison? Explain some of the
modern strategies used in prison for the restoration and reintegration of criminals. (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. Define and differentiate interviewing and interrogation techniques. How far human rights of criminals are being violated during the interrogation process? (20)

Q. No. 7. How the forensic science is a helpful tool in the modern day for determining and detection of violent crimes? (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. Cybercrime is increasing at national and international levels. Suggest some measures to control this kind of crime. (20)

Q. No. 9. How do violent crimes affect social fabric of Pakistani society? Discuss some of the modern policing strategies for prevention and control of the violent crimes in Pakistan. (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2018

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 06:55:12 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2018
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART-II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. Define Criminology. Discuss the scope of criminology in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 3. What is the Islamic perspective on crime and punishment? Explain your answer with the help of proper examples. (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. What is juvenile delinquency? Explain the nature, extent and causes of juvenile
delinquency in Pakistan. Suggest remedial measures for reducing juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. Trace back the history and development of police organization in Pakistan. (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. What is Criminal investigation? Explain the key principles of criminal investigation. (20)

Q. No. 7. To what extent Interpol has been successful in reducing organized crime at international level. Discuss (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. Intelligence-led policing has become an effective model of policing in tackling
organized crime. Discuss the background and key principles of intelligence-led policing. (20)

Q. No. 9. Discuss the laws and institutional arrangements for controlling money laundering in
Pakistan. (20)

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Criminology Past Papers 2017

zarnishayat — Wed, 26 Aug 2026 06:50:19 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2017
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CRIMINOLOGY

PART-II
SECTION-I

Q. No. 2. Write a critical note on the increasing importance of Criminology in Pakistan.
Also discuss the historical development of criminology as a scientific discipline (20)

Q. No. 3. Enlist the criminological perspectives. Briefly describe the three
criminological perspectives on the study of crime and criminal behaviour. (20)

SECTION-II

Q. No. 4. Write a comprehensive note on the Juvenile justice system of Pakistan.
Suggest measures for the improvement of Juvenile justice system of Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. Write short notes on: (10 each)
(a) Causes of Juvenile delinquency in Pakistan
(b) Probation and Parole (20)

SECTION-III

Q. No. 6. Write a comprehensive note on the principles of criminal investigation. Illustrate with examples from Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 7. Elaborate importance of legal and ethical guidelines for the criminal investigation of gender based crimes. Support your answer with example from
Pakistani society. (20)

SECTION-IV

Q. No. 8. Write a critical note on the role of law enforcement agencies in the control of
terrorism in Pakistan. Suggest measures to minimize radicalization in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 9. Write notes on: (10 each)
(a) Money-laundering in Pakistan
(b) Gender and Crime (20)

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