Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. What was the central agenda of Emmanuel Macron’s 2025 visit to China?
(A) Military alliance formation (B) Trade rebalancing and economic cooperation
(C) Cooperation in AI (D) None of these

2. ______________ is the author of “Essay on Population (1798)”:
(A) Thomas Malthus (B) Ester Boserupe (C) Garret Hardin (D) None of these

3. During the Putin–Modi summit, Russia emphasised which key priority for bilateral ties?
(A) Increasing military supply to India (B) Cutting trade imbalance
(C) Uninterrupted fuel and energy supplies to India (D) None of these

4. ________________got Nobel Peace Prize, 2025:
(A) Nicolás Maduro (Venezuela) (B) María Corina Machado (Venezuela)
(C) Georgia Meloni (Italy) (D) None of these

5. In 2025, conflict between Thailand and Cambodia erupted on the issue of:
(A) Human trafficking (B) Boundary claims (C) Unchecked Smuggling (D) Ownership of a temple

6. On June 22, 2025, US B2 Bombers and Tomahawk missiles hit Iran’s nuclear facility as part of:
(A) Operation Inherent Resolve (B) Operation Resolute Support
(C) Operation Dragoon (D) Operation Midnight Hammer

7. ____________ Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is in vogue for 2015-2030.
(A) Sendai (B) Yokohama (C) Hyogo (D) None of these

8. The central idea of Anatol Lieven’s book “Pakistan: A Hard Country” is:
(A) Pakistan is undefeatable (B) Pakistan is hard-wired
(C) Society is extraordinarily resilient (D) None of these

9. The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called:
(A) Sustainable Development (B) Green Development (C) Positive Development (D) None of these

10. Doha Forum is an annual global forum held in Doha that gathers world leaders, policymakers, civil- society representatives, business leaders, media etc. Doha Forum and Doha Dialogue are, hence:
(A) The same (B) Different (C) Doha Forum is part of Doha Dialogue (D) None of these

11. ____________ authored the book “Prisoner of Geography”.
(A) Tim Marshall (B) Henry Kissinger (C) Samuel P. Huntington (D) None of these

12. Which Pakistani economist contributed significantly towards development of Human Security Theory?
(A) Dr. Qaiser Bhangali (B) Dr. Mehbool ul Haq (C) Dr. Ashfaq Hasan Khan (D) None of these

13. Who authored seminal book “World Order”?
(A) Fareed Zakriya (B) Henry Kissinger (C) Andrew Heywood (D) None of these

14. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is currently operational in the European Union (EU). It applies to:
(A) Imports (B) Exports (C) Production in border regions of EU (D) None of these

15. An economic model designed to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible is known as:
(A) Rational consumption (B) Mercantilism (C) Circular economy (D) None of these

16. ______________will co-host the next year’s COP-31.
(A) Indonesia and Turkey (B) Australia and Turkey (C) Turkey and Thailand (D) None of these

17. In a new report, __________ has urged world leaders to halt an “obsession” with energy sources that fuel the climate crisis.
(A) Amnesty International (B) UN Environment Protection (C) IPCC (D) None of these

18. Advances in ____________ are enabling treatments that are tailored specifically to an individual’s makeup, significantly improving the effectiveness of therapies for conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders.
(A) Tele medicine (B) Genomic medicine (C) Robotic medicine (D) None of these

19. On Inauguration day President Trump withdrew USA from:
(A) Paris Agreement (B) World Health Organisation (C) NAFTA (D) Both (A) & (B)

20. In May 2025, European Union lifted all economic sanctions against:
(A) Iraq (B) Cuba (C) Sudan (D) Syria

PART-II

NOTE: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

Q. No. 2. “Pakistan stands at a decisive turning point where climate shocks, rapid population growth, governance gaps, non-traditional security threats and intense fiscal stress are converging to heighten national vulnerability.” Critically evaluate the above statement and propose policy measures for building a
stable, secure and disaster-resilient Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 3. “Brain drain threatens Pakistan’s ability to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030”. Write a comprehensive note on the causes and consequences of brain drain from Pakistan, focusing on its impact on achieving SDGs (you may choose any three SDGs for answering this question).(20)

Q. No. 4. Critically appraise the following statement with relevant examples. Furthermore, draw relevant lessons and propose way forward for Pakistan.
“Natural resources, though desirable for development of a country, can become a source of conflict and instability.” (20)

Q. No. 5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), once called “force multiplier”, are now having trust issues as public skepticism about the virtues and advantages of NGOs has deepened. Critically examine why NGOs space is shrinking in many parts of the world with specific reference to Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 6. COP - the annual climate negotiation, Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is organized every year since 1995. What are the significant achievements of COPs in general and COP-30 in particular? (20)

Q. No. 7. Conduct a critical analysis of the prospects of resolution of the Palestinian conflict with special reference to the UN Security Council’s recently approved U.S. drafted resolution for peace in Gaza. Can Pakistan play any role in this initiative? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:- (10 each)  (20)
(i) Pros and cons of food production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
(ii) Implications of depopulation
(iii) Role of China in evolving world order

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PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. The recent escalation in Palestinian-Israel Conflict occurred on ___________2023.
(A) 6 October (B) 7 October (C) 8 October (D) None of these

2. The book “The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics” was written by:
(A) Stephen P. Cohen (B) Andrew Linklater (C) Andrew Small (D) None of these

3. The 2023 G20 Summit held in India on _______________ September.
(A) 5-6 (B) 7-8 (C) 9-10 (D) None of these

4. An extraordinary meeting of the OIC Foreign Ministers on Palestine conflict held in October, 2023 in:
(A) Bahrain (B) Saudi Arabia (C) Qatar (D) None of these

5. Krakow is a city in:
(A) Poland (B) Ukraine (C) Russia (D) None of these

6. The Headquarters of African Union is situated in:
(A) Ethiopia (B) Niger (C) Nigeria (D) None of these

7. The capital of Costa Rica is:
(A) San Jose (B) Tegucigalpa (C) Managua (D) None of these

8. TASS is the ______________State-owned news agency.
(B) French (B) Russian (C) German (D) None of these

9. The Boao Forum for Asia was founded in:
(A) 2001 (B) 2002 (C) 2003 (D) None of these

10. Article 25 (A) of the Pakistan’s Constitution deals with:
(A) Right to Health (B) Right to Vote (C) Right to Education (D) None of these

11. World Snooker Championship 2023 held in:
(A) England (B) Scotland (C) Ireland (D) None of these

12. ______________ is the Nigerian Currency.
(A) Nigerian Dollar (B) Nigerian Lira (C) Nigerian Naira (D) None of these

13. There are ____________ Special Economic Zones in CPEC.
(A) Six (B) Seven (C) Eight (D) None of these

14. Nobel Prize Winner for Literature Mr. Louise Gluck belongs to:
(A) USA (B) Canada (C) Australia (D) None of these

15. The book “The United States and the Turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan” was written by:
(A) Ahmed Rashid (B) Sarah Chayes (C) Andrew Exum (D) None of these

16. The UN Climate Change Conference was held in November-December 2023 in:
(A) Copenhagen (B) Bonn (C) Brussels (D) None of these

17. There are ________members in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 14 (D) None of these

18. World Tourism Day is observed every year on:
(A) 25 September (B) 26 September (C) 27 September (D) None of these

19. ____________ is the current Chancellor of Germany.
(A) Angela Merkel (B) Olaf Scholz (C) Robert Habeck (D) None of these

20. The 2023 Sustainable Development Goals(SDG) Summit took place on 18-19 September 2023 in:
(A) New York (B) Washington DC (C) Chicago (D) None of these

PART-II

NOTE: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

Q. No. 2. The creation of more provinces is a persistent demand from some circles in Pakistan. How do you see the creation of more provinces in Pakistan; as beneficial or harmful for the people? Explain your views with solid justification. (20)

Q. No. 3. Discuss the Pakistan’s historic role in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and under the framework of regional integration; what are the future prospects of ECO for Pakistan? (20)

Q. No. 4. Critically evaluate the US-Pakistan relations under the Joe Biden Administration vis-à-vis the US’ Indo-Pacific strategy. (20)

Q. No. 5. Saudi Arabia and Iran both have significant place in Pakistan’s foreign policy. How Pakistan can maintain friendly relations with both Saudi Arabia and Iran, especially after the mediation of China between the two countries? (20)

Q. No. 6. Palestine conflict is a long-standing one on the United Nations table. Discuss its recent escalation since October 2023 and critically assess the big powers’ reaction to it. (20)

Q. No. 7. Evaluate the implications of Ukraine War for the Russia-Europe energy relations. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any two of the following. (10 each) (20)
(a) Prospects of regional integration in South Asia
(b) The UN efforts for nuclear non-proliferation
(c) Climate Change and the Big Powers’ role

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PART-II

Q. No. 2. Propose prospective foreign policy options for Pakistan in the wake of Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. (20)

Q. No. 3. The 2021 Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan presents regional and global challenges. Elaborate the anticipated policies of the Taliban government and the regional and global response (20)

Q. No. 4. Muslim Ummah has failed to unite under one roof. The leadership, their internal wrangling and sectarian divide keeps them away from each other. No wonder the Muslim world is in shambles in their home countries, at OIC level and at international forums. Taking a tag from above, discuss ways and means to unite the Muslim Ummah with a pragmatic approach. (20)

Q. No. 5. How do the nature and possible prospects of US-Russia strategic nuclear deterrence change with the enforcement of New START treaty of 2021? What could be the treaty's implications on Pakistan's nuclear program, keeping in view its defense policy? (20)

Q. No. 6. Numerous political systems- Parliamentary as well as Presidential, have been in vogue in Pakistan with limited success. Draft your own proposed but practical system that would result in good governance of the country. Stipulate reasons and conditions for its success. (20)

Q. No. 7. The US and China have been in an on-going trade war since 2018. In academic circles, it has been argued that this conflict may as well be the Second Cold War. Critically evaluate the future world order with main actors as China, Russia and the US. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any two of the following: (10 each)

(a) Poverty & Trade in South Asia and the role of SAARC
(b) A comparison of leadership qualities between Xi Jinping of China and JoeBiden of the US
(c) 2022 FIFA World Cup and politics of the Arab World

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PART-II

Q. No. 2. What impact global climate change will have on the water resources of Pakistan? How will it affect inter-provincial harmony? (20)

Q. No. 3. Why was Pakistan placed on the ‘Grey List’ of Financial Action Task Force (FATF)? What are the implications and what measures should Pakistan take to move out of this list? (20)

Q. No. 4. Given the volatile lockdown in Indian Occupied Kashmir, what are the viable policy choices available to Pakistan? What can Pakistan realistically do to ease the sufferings of Kashmiri people? (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss the strategic contours of Indo-US evolving partnership and how will it impact Pakistan-US and Pakistan-China relations?(20)

Q. No. 6. Strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific region is increasingly becoming intense.Define the interests and role of US, China, India, Japan and Australia in the geopolitics of Indo-Pacific region. (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss in detail the role of OIC, Arab league and GCC in the Middle East crises and conflicts. (20)

Q. No. 8. In view of the evolving global alignments and changing nature of major-power relationships, what is the future of globalism and multilateralism? Discuss with examples. (20)

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PART-II

Q. No. 2. Highlight the role of National Action Plan (NAP) in stabilization of internal security of Pakistan. Critically analyze its outcomes? (20)

Q. No. 3. What measures do you suggest to improve the security conditions of Balochistan in respect to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the role of regional powers to sabotage it? (20)

Q. No. 4. Critically analyze the US-Russia relations in context of ISIS and its impact on the security situation of Middle East. (20)

Q. No. 5. Explain the salient contours of the US ‘rebalancing’ policy and China’s assertive policy in South China Sea and latter’s disputes with the regional countries. Critically evaluate. (20)

Q. No. 6. The impact of burgeoning US-India strategic partnership over the security situation of the region and Indian Ocean Region. (20)

Q. No. 7. Critically examine China’s strategic vision behind its ‘One Belt, One Road’ venture. (20)

Q. No. 8. (a). Analyze the effects of commissioning of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), INS Arihant equipped with nuclear-capable missile
called K-4 over the strategic stability of South Asia.(10)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (20)

(b). US-India in August 2016 signed Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) that will reportedly facilitate the two allies to use
each other’s military facilities to check China’s growing influence.Comment. (10)       

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