Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)
(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. What was the central agenda of Emmanuel Macron’s 2025 visit to China?
(A) Military alliance formation (B) Trade rebalancing and economic cooperation
(C) Cooperation in AI (D) None of these

2. ______________ is the author of “Essay on Population (1798)”:
(A) Thomas Malthus (B) Ester Boserupe (C) Garret Hardin (D) None of these

3. During the Putin–Modi summit, Russia emphasised which key priority for bilateral ties?
(A) Increasing military supply to India (B) Cutting trade imbalance
(C) Uninterrupted fuel and energy supplies to India (D) None of these

4. ________________got Nobel Peace Prize, 2025:
(A) Nicolás Maduro (Venezuela) (B) María Corina Machado (Venezuela)
(C) Georgia Meloni (Italy) (D) None of these

5. In 2025, conflict between Thailand and Cambodia erupted on the issue of:
(A) Human trafficking (B) Boundary claims (C) Unchecked Smuggling (D) Ownership of a temple

6. On June 22, 2025, US B2 Bombers and Tomahawk missiles hit Iran’s nuclear facility as part of:
(A) Operation Inherent Resolve (B) Operation Resolute Support
(C) Operation Dragoon (D) Operation Midnight Hammer

7. ____________ Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is in vogue for 2015-2030.
(A) Sendai (B) Yokohama (C) Hyogo (D) None of these

8. The central idea of Anatol Lieven’s book “Pakistan: A Hard Country” is:
(A) Pakistan is undefeatable (B) Pakistan is hard-wired
(C) Society is extraordinarily resilient (D) None of these

9. The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called:
(A) Sustainable Development (B) Green Development (C) Positive Development (D) None of these

10. Doha Forum is an annual global forum held in Doha that gathers world leaders, policymakers, civil- society representatives, business leaders, media etc. Doha Forum and Doha Dialogue are, hence:
(A) The same (B) Different (C) Doha Forum is part of Doha Dialogue (D) None of these

11. ____________ authored the book “Prisoner of Geography”.
(A) Tim Marshall (B) Henry Kissinger (C) Samuel P. Huntington (D) None of these

12. Which Pakistani economist contributed significantly towards development of Human Security Theory?
(A) Dr. Qaiser Bhangali (B) Dr. Mehbool ul Haq (C) Dr. Ashfaq Hasan Khan (D) None of these

13. Who authored seminal book “World Order”?
(A) Fareed Zakriya (B) Henry Kissinger (C) Andrew Heywood (D) None of these

14. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is currently operational in the European Union (EU). It applies to:
(A) Imports (B) Exports (C) Production in border regions of EU (D) None of these

15. An economic model designed to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible is known as:
(A) Rational consumption (B) Mercantilism (C) Circular economy (D) None of these

16. ______________will co-host the next year’s COP-31.
(A) Indonesia and Turkey (B) Australia and Turkey (C) Turkey and Thailand (D) None of these

17. In a new report, __________ has urged world leaders to halt an “obsession” with energy sources that fuel the climate crisis.
(A) Amnesty International (B) UN Environment Protection (C) IPCC (D) None of these

18. Advances in ____________ are enabling treatments that are tailored specifically to an individual’s makeup, significantly improving the effectiveness of therapies for conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders.
(A) Tele medicine (B) Genomic medicine (C) Robotic medicine (D) None of these

19. On Inauguration day President Trump withdrew USA from:
(A) Paris Agreement (B) World Health Organisation (C) NAFTA (D) Both (A) & (B)

20. In May 2025, European Union lifted all economic sanctions against:
(A) Iraq (B) Cuba (C) Sudan (D) Syria

PART-II

NOTE: (i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

Q. No. 2. “Pakistan stands at a decisive turning point where climate shocks, rapid population growth, governance gaps, non-traditional security threats and intense fiscal stress are converging to heighten national vulnerability.” Critically evaluate the above statement and propose policy measures for building a
stable, secure and disaster-resilient Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 3. “Brain drain threatens Pakistan’s ability to achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030”. Write a comprehensive note on the causes and consequences of brain drain from Pakistan, focusing on its impact on achieving SDGs (you may choose any three SDGs for answering this question).(20)

Q. No. 4. Critically appraise the following statement with relevant examples. Furthermore, draw relevant lessons and propose way forward for Pakistan.
“Natural resources, though desirable for development of a country, can become a source of conflict and instability.” (20)

Q. No. 5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), once called “force multiplier”, are now having trust issues as public skepticism about the virtues and advantages of NGOs has deepened. Critically examine why NGOs space is shrinking in many parts of the world with specific reference to Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 6. COP - the annual climate negotiation, Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is organized every year since 1995. What are the significant achievements of COPs in general and COP-30 in particular? (20)

Q. No. 7. Conduct a critical analysis of the prospects of resolution of the Palestinian conflict with special reference to the UN Security Council’s recently approved U.S. drafted resolution for peace in Gaza. Can Pakistan play any role in this initiative? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:- (10 each)  (20)
(i) Pros and cons of food production through Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
(ii) Implications of depopulation
(iii) Role of China in evolving world order

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