PART-I (MCQs) — COMPULSORY

Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

1. The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is produced due to:

(A) Absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere
(B) Absorption and re-emission of ultra violet radiation by the atmosphere
(C) Absorption and re-emission of visible light by the atmosphere
(D) None of these

2. Acid rain is a result of:

(A) Excess amount of CO₂
(B) Excess amount of NH₃
(C) Excess amount of SO₂ and NO₂
(D) None of these

3. Which EIA amendment introduced post-facto environmental clearance?

(A) 2006
(B) 2008
(C) 2020 draft
(D) None of these

4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is standardized globally under:

(A) ISO 9001
(B) ISO 18001
(C) ISO 26000
(D) None of these

5. Green buildings are assessed using which global standard?

(A) CEPA
(B) LEED
(C) REDD
(D) None of these

6. Cloud bursts are generally associated with:

(A) Slow-moving low-pressure systems
(B) Intense, localized convective storms
(C) Polar vortex
(D) None of these

7. Microplastic pollution in rivers is primarily sourced from:

(A) Urban runoff and wastewater effluents
(B) Mountain rocks
(C) Deep-sea vents
(D) None of these

8. The IPCC’s role in global politics is to:

(A) Regulate energy markets
(B) Provide scientific assessments
(C) Enforce climate treaties
(D) None of these

9. Drainage improvement in waterlogged fields helps by:

(A) Increasing salinity
(B) Lowering water table and restoring aeration
(C) Blocking capillary rise
(D) None of these

10. Climate justice emphasizes:

(A) Free carbon trading
(B) Fair distribution of climate responsibilities
(C) Equal emissions
(D) None of these

11. Shadow pricing in environmental projects is:

(A) Price of a good in the stock market
(B) Imputed value of non-market goods or services
(C) Government-fixed price
(D) None of these

12. Kyoto Protocol mainly addresses:

(A) Biodiversity
(B) GHG emissions reduction
(C) Water pollution
(D) None of these

13. Tropical deforestation contributes to:

(A) CO₂ increase
(B) O₃ layer repair
(C) Soil fertility
(D) None of these

14. Which renewable energy is considered carbon-neutral?

(A) Solar
(B) Coal
(C) Diesel
(D) None of these

15. Adaptive management in environment means:

(A) Fixed strategies
(B) Flexible, learning-based strategies
(C) Ignore monitoring
(D) None of these

16. Which SDG is linked with global food security?

(A) SDG 14
(B) SDG 7
(C) SDG 3
(D) None of these

17. IPCC primarily provides:

(A) Scientific assessments
(B) Enforces treaties
(C) Regulates markets
(D) None of these

18. Global warming potential (GWP) measures:

(A) Solubility in water
(B) Toxicity of a gas
(C) Heat trapping ability of a gas
(D) None of these

19. Climate adaptation strategies include:

(A) Flood-resistant crops
(B) Industrial expansion
(C) Deforestation
(D) None of these

20. Carbon trading is a market mechanism for:

(A) Land ownership
(B) Water rights
(C) Emission permits
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

NOTE

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2

Define greenhouse effect. How does it work? Which pollutants cause global warming? Why is Pakistan highly vulnerable despite contributing less than 1% to global GHG emissions?

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

Discuss important components of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy. What is the impact of 18th Amendment on Climate Change Policy formulation in Pakistan? How can Pakistan benefit from COP28 & COP30?

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

Discuss the impact of deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable land use on Pakistan’s carbon footprint. How can reforestation and green infrastructure mitigate climate risks?

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

Assess the role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) & Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) in large-scale energy and infrastructure projects in Pakistan. How can EIAs be strengthened to include climate change risks?

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Evaluate the effectiveness of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Pak EPA Regulations 2000 in addressing environmental governance and pollution control?

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

Discuss how Pakistan can integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with national climate policy. Which SDGs are most closely linked with climate adaptation and mitigation? Why it is considered essential for long-term environmental sustainability?

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

Write short notes on any TWO of the following: (10 each) (20)

(a) Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000)

(b) Natural Resources Management

(c) United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

 

 

PART-I (MCQs) — COMPULSORY

 

 

PART-I (MCQs) — COMPULSORY

Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

1.

A wide variety of living organisms is called:

(A) Biodiversity
(B) Population
(C) Habitat
(D) None of these

2.

What percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide exists in the ecosystem?

(A) 20.95% and 0.004%
(B) 20.95% and 0.04%
(C) 20.0% and 0.40%
(D) None of these

3.

The set of ecosystems is called:

(A) Atmosphere
(B) Hydrosphere
(C) Biome
(D) None of these

4.

Acid rain is a result of:

(A) Excess amount of CO₂
(B) Excess amount of NH₃
(C) Excess amount of SO₂ and NO₂
(D) None of these

5.

The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is produced due to:

(A) Absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere
(B) Absorption and re-emission of ultra violet radiation by the atmosphere
(C) Absorption and re-emission of visible light by the atmosphere
(D) None of these

6.

The result of acid disposition is:

(A) Dying forests and lakes
(B) Acid indigestion in humans
(C) Greenhouse effect
(D) None of these

7.

Biotic component of the environment does not include:

(A) Micro-organism system
(B) Plant and Animal system
(C) Soil system
(D) None of these

8.

Of the following agents, the one that would not favor conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfate species in the atmosphere is:

(A) Ammonia
(B) Water
(C) Sunlight
(D) None of these

9.

The pH of the atmosphere is:

(A) Acidic
(B) Basic
(C) Neutral
(D) None of these

10.

An association has been found between exposure to ____________________ by the inhalation route and lung cancer.

(A) Lead (Pb)
(B) Chromium
(C) Barium
(D) None of these

11.

NEQ was approved on:

(A) 1992
(B) 1993
(C) 1995
(D) None of these

12.

The "Ramsar Convention" is an international treaty for the conservation and protection of:

(A) Endangered species
(B) Biodiversity
(C) Wetlands
(D) None of these

13.

A mutual relationship between two organisms, where both of them are benefitting from watching the other is called:

(A) Mutualism
(B) Symbiosis
(C) Parasitism
(D) None of these

14.

________________ often serve as indicator for a threatened ecosystem.

(A) Abundant species
(B) Endangered species
(C) Threatened species
(D) None of these

15.

Mangrove forests in Asia are largely concentrated in:

(A) Pakistan
(B) Indonesia
(C) Malaysia
(D) None of these

16.

An individual may die within 2–10 days after exposure to 500 ppm of the following air pollutant:

(A) CO₂
(B) NO
(C) SO₂
(D) None of these

17.

______________________ is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

(A) Bio-magnification
(B) Bio-concentration
(C) Bio-accumulation
(D) None of these

18.

What is the order of waste management hierarchy, from most to least favoured?

(A) Prevention – Recycle – Reuse – Disposal
(B) Prevention – Reuse – Disposal – Recycle
(C) Prevention – Reuse – Recycle – Disposal
(D) None of these

19.

Which gas is produced in open dumps from the anaerobic decomposition of biodegradable waste?

(A) Ethane
(B) Methane
(C) Propene
(D) None of these

20.

Pakistan is divided into ________________ agro-ecological zones.

(A) 8
(B) 10
(C) 12
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

NOTE

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2

What is the mechanism of ozone depletion? What chemicals in upper atmosphere are responsible for ozone layer depletion? What are the impacts of ozone layer depletion?

(20)

 

Q. No. 3

What is the difference between an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)? List and explain the entire EIA process. Where in the project cycle should an EIA be initiated?

(20)

 

Q. No. 4

One of the methods to control pollution problem is introduction of regulatory mechanisms, incentives and fines. In your opinion how can we control the smog problem by using one of those methods? How would you implement a plan at a city level to mitigate the smog problem?

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

What is green house effect? What is the mechanism of green house effect? Which major air pollutants are responsible for causing global warming? Why is Pakistan considered more vulnerable to the effects of climate change when its contribution is less than 1% in total global GHG emissions?

(20)

 

Q. No. 6

Discuss important components of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy. What is the impact of 18th amendment on Climate change Policy formulation in Pakistan? How Pakistan can benefit from COP28?

(20)

 

Q. No. 7

What is occupational health safety and management? Provide examples of at least five work places with possible associated exposure risks. How can such exposure risks be minimized/controlled?

(20)

 

Q. No. 8

Write short notes on any two of the following: (10 each)  (20)

a. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

b. Kyoto Protocol

c. Eutrophication and its effects

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Q. No. 2. Discuss in detail the salient features of Pakistan environmental protection act 1997. (20)

 

Q. No. 3. Discuss in detail the climate mitigation and adaptation strategies keeping in view the climate change risk index of Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 4. What are the effects of Environmental Pollution and Habitat loss on Global Diversity? Explain in detail. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. What are sustainable approaches for solid waste management? (20)

 

Q. No. 6. What are the main causes of Biodiversity loss? How can we protect and preserve Biodiversity? (20)

 

Q. No. 7. What is sustainable development? Describe its goals and why it is often associated with protecting the environment? (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Write notes on any TWO of the following: (10 each)
(i) Kyoto Protocol
(ii) Geographic Information and Remote Sensing
(iii) Occupational Health and Safety Management System

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q. No. 2

(a) Write the main principles of Rio Summit 1992. (10)

(b) Discuss the dose response relationship in Environmental Toxicology. (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 3

(a) Write the physico chemical parameters of waste water and also explain waste water treatment technologies. (10)

(b) Discuss the major outcomes of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM). (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 4

(a) Discuss in detail the Hospital Waste Management codes of Practice. (10)

(b) Enlist the conventions and treaties passed in Agenda 21. (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 5

(a) Define and explain the Eutrophication of water body. (10)

(b) What are technological approaches to Environmental management? (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 6

(a) What are main steps of conduction Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? (10)

(b) Discuses briefly noise pollution. (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 7

(a) What is green revolution? Give a brief account of green revolution in Pakistan. (10)

(b) Define Environmental Economics and explain briefly the interrelationship between Environment and Economics. (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 8

(a) Discuss the solid waste disposal technique. (10)

(b) Write in detail the effect of climate change on natural and societal systems. (10)

Total: (20)

 

 

 

 

 

Q. No. 2

(a) Write a detail note on Alternative Energy Resources. (10)

(b) What are the Environmental Impacts on food production? (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 3

(a) What are the events that triggered the interest in bioremediation? (07)

(b) What are different steps in anaerobic treatment for biogas generation? (07)

(c) Write a note on Environmental Geology. (06)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 4

What is meant by smog? Explain the main causes of smog in Punjab. Summarise the effect of key meteorological factors on dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere.

(20)

 

Q. No. 5

(a) Elaborate the concept of greenhouse effect and its importance to global climate. (08)

(b) What are drivers and indicators of Climate Change and how they effects the natural and societal system. (12)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 6

(a) What are the key factors of National Climate Change Policy 2012? (10)

(b) Write a brief note on National Drinking Water Policy 2009. (10)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 7

(a) Discuss Briefly some Common Types Occupational Health & Safety Hazards. (05)

(b) Give a brief about Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedural stages? In the context of EIA, what type of information is gathered when establishing a baseline? (15)

Total: (20)

 

Q. No. 8

Write short notes on any FOUR of the following: (05 each) (20)

(a) Wetlands

(b) Carbon Footprints

(c) Ozone Depletion

(d) REDD+

(e) Desertification

(f) GIS & Remote Sensing

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Q. No. 2. (A) How the hazardous material is defined, identified and differentiated from the toxic material? Explain the environmental problems and health risks linked with the hazardous waste.(10) (20)
(B) What stands for CERCLA and why it is related with hazardous waste? (10)

 

Q. No. 3. Which of the GHGs are the most significant contributors to the global warming? How do they work? And what mitigation steps could be taken to stabilize the GHG content of the atmosphere? (20)

 

Q. No. 4. (A) Discuss the global efforts that are currently in place to protect our ozone shield. What evidence is there that such efforts have been effective?(12)
(B) Discuss and comment on the social and economic dimensions of Agenda 21. (8)   (20)

Q. No. 5. Trace the political history of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Do you think that the UNFCCC (2015) conference in Paris was the next step in reaching an agreement on climate change? (20)

 

Q. No. 6. (A) What do you understand by climate and microclimate? (4)  (20)
(B) How do forest burning and land clearing affect the global climate? (8)
(C) What impact would changing climate have on the ‘ecosystem in general’ and ‘coastal environment in particular’? (8) 

Q. No. 7. (A) What is genetic engineering or biotechnology and how it may affect the agriculture and the environment? (12)  (20)
(B) What is the relation between poverty and food security? (8)
 
Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any FOUR of the following: (5 each)  (20)
(a) E-waste (b) Superfund
(c) Eutrophication (d) Carbon foot print
(e) Smog (f) Energy from biomass