NOTE:

1. First attempt PART-I (MCQs) on separate OMR Answer Sheet which shall be taken back after 30 minutes.
2. Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.
3. There is no negative marking. All MCQs must be attempted.

Q.1.

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Judith Butler’s concept of "performativity" argues that gender is not an internal reality but:

(A) A biological destiny determined by chromosomal patterns.
(B) A stylized repetition of acts sanctioned by social norms.
(C) A fixed psychological archetype inherited from ancestors.
(D) None of these.

2. The term "Glass Cliff" refers to:

(A) The invisible barrier preventing women from rising to top ranks.
(B) The phenomenon where women are promoted to leadership roles during periods of crisis or downturn, increasing the risk of failure.
(C) The rapid promotion of men in female-dominated professions.
(D) None of these.

3. In the context of Gender and Development (GAD), the "practical gender needs" differ from "strategic gender interests" in that the former:

(A) Challenge the subordinate position of women in society.
(B) Focus exclusively on legislative quotas and political representation.
(C) Address immediate necessities (water, shelter, food) without challenging labor divisions.
(D) None of these.

4. Michel Foucault’s History of Sexuality challenges the "repressive hypothesis" by suggesting that:

(A) The Victorian era successfully silenced all discourse on sexuality.
(B) Sexuality is a purely biological drive independent of power structures.
(C) Power produces discourse on sexuality rather than just repressing it.
(D) None of these.

5. The "Patriarchal Bargain," a concept explaining why women might uphold patriarchal norms to maximize their own security, was elaborated by:

(A) Deniz Kandiyoti
(B) Fatima Mernissi
(C) Asma Barlas
(D) None of these.

6. Which wave of feminism is most closely associated with the slogan "The Personal is Political"?

(A) First Wave
(B) Second Wave
(C) Third Wave
(D) None of these.

7. The notion that men suffer from "hegemonic masculinity," which restricts their emotional expression and forces them into dominance hierarchies, is attributed to:

(A) R.W. Connell
(B) Michael Kimmel
(C) Andrea Dworkin
(D) None of these.

8. Which UN Conference on Women resulted in the "Platform for Action," a key agenda for women's empowerment?

(A) Mexico City (1975)
(B) Copenhagen (1980)
(C) Beijing (1995)
(D) None of these.

9. The concept of "Strategic Essentialism" suggests that:

(A) Gender differences are biological and unchangeable.
(B) Minority groups may temporarily act as if their identities are stable to achieve political goals.
(C) Essentialist arguments should never be used in feminist discourse.
(D) None of these.

10. "Standpoint Theory" argues that:

(A) All knowledge is objective and neutral.
(B) Science should be abandoned as a patriarchal tool.
(C) Knowledge stems from social position, and marginalized groups offer a more complete perspective.
(D) None of these.

11. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza coined the term kyriarchy to describe:

(A) A patriarchal system
(B) Interlocking structures of domination such as gender, race and class
(C) Legal guardianship
(D) None of these.

12. The "WID" (Women in Development) approach, which emerged in the 1970s, was primarily criticized for:

(A) Being too radical and anti-male
(B) Ignoring the economic contribution of women completely
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these.

13. Which Pakistani legislation criminalized "Honour Killings" and closed the loophole of family forgiveness?

(A) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2016
(B) The Women's Protection Act 2006
(C) Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2013
(D) None of these.

14. The "Bargaining with Patriarchy" concept explains how women strategize within constraints. This term was coined by:

(A) Naila Kabeer
(B) Judith Lorber
(C) Chandra Talpade Mohanty
(D) None of these.

15. Which UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) specifically targets "Gender Equality"?

(A) SDG 3
(B) SDG 4
(C) SDG 6
(D) None of these.

16. The reformist movement in the subcontinent that advocated for women's education and opposed Sati was led by:

(A) Anni Besant
(B) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(C) Qasim Amin
(D) None of these.

17. "Doing Gender," a sociological perspective viewing gender as an accomplished interactional display, was proposed by:

(A) Davis and Moore
(B) Parsons and Bales
(C) West and Zimmerman
(D) None of these.

18. The "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women" (CEDAW) is often described as:

(A) An international bill of rights for women
(B) A peace treaty between nations
(C) A trade agreement
(D) None of these.

19. "Sticky Floor" refers to:

(A) Women stuck in low-wage, low-mobility jobs
(B) High retention rates of female employees
(C) Domestic responsibilities
(D) None of these.

20. The concept of "Matrix of Domination" was developed by:

(A) Daniz Kandiyoti
(B) Angela Davis
(C) Bell Hooks
(D) None of these.

PART-II

NOTE:

1. Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
2. Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
3. All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
4. Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
5. No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
6. Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2. — (20 Marks)

Critically examine the theoretical arguments of social constructionism and queer theory regarding the categories of sex and gender. How do these arguments illuminate contemporary debates about transgender rights and the controversies over the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 in Pakistan? Support your answer with examples from legal debates and activism.

 

 

Q. No. 3. — (20 Marks)

Trace the evolution of the Feminist Movement in Pakistan from the activism of the Women's Action Forum (WAF) against the Hudood Ordinances in the 1980s to the digital activism of the 2020s. How has the locus of resistance shifted from "Legal Rights" to "Bodily Autonomy"?

 

 

Q. No. 4. — (20 Marks)

Evaluate Pakistan’s performance in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2025. Identify the socioeconomic and political factors contributing to Pakistan’s ranking, including labour force participation, education, health and political empowerment.

 

 

Q. No. 5. — (20 Marks)

Climate change has gendered impacts. Drawing on feminist environmentalism and ecofeminist perspectives, critically analyse how recent floods and heat waves in Pakistan have affected women differently.

 

Q. No. 6. — (20 Marks)

Critically examine the "NGO-ization" of the women’s movement in Pakistan. Has the donor-driven agenda of Gender Mainstreaming depoliticized the feminist struggle, converting it into a technocratic "project" rather than a social revolution? Use the WAD (Women and Development) critique in your answer.

 

 

Q. No. 7. — (20 Marks)

Using intersectionality as an analytical framework, examine the experiences of marginalized groups of women in Pakistan, including rural women, ethnic and religious minorities, and differently-abled women. How do overlapping systems of oppression shape their access to health, education and employment?

 

Q. No. 8. — (20 Marks)

Write short notes on the following: — (10 each)

(a) Gendered implications of digital transformation and the narrowing mobile gender gap in Pakistan (2024–2025), including the fact that eight million ~ more women came online and the mobile internet gender gap fell from 38% to 25%.

(b) The role of masculinity studies in understanding violence against women in Pakistani society.

 

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NOTE:

1. First attempt PART-I (MCQs) on separate OMR Answer Sheet which shall be taken back after 30 minutes.
2. Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.
3. There is no negative marking. All MCQs must be attempted.

 

Q.1.

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Feminist perspectives are distinctive due to:

(A) They emphasize the centrality of gender in social analysis

(B) Only women can write from a feminist perspective

(C) Other theoretical perspectives have not researched women

(D) None of these

2. The term “social and cultural expectations” being male or female describes:

(A) Societal Role

(B) Sex Role

(C) Gender Role

(D) Gender Mainstreaming

3. Which of the following has not been central to feminist theorizing?

(A) Male Domination in Society

(B) The Gendered Character of Knowledge

(C) The Experience of Black Women

(D) All of these

4. Which is an example of a social construct of gender?

(A) Male domination in the political spheres

(B) The ability of a Woman to bear children

(C) The notion that boys should play with trucks

(D) Physical features and differences between men and women

5. A feminist perspective that emphasizes the value and importance of women's personal experiences:

(A) Liberal Feminism

(B) Radical Feminism

(C) Socialist Feminism

(D) Postmodern Feminism

6. Gender Specialists use the term 'Sex' for:

(A) Anatomical and physiological difference

(B) Erotic and physical practices

(C) Psychological and social difference

(D) All of these

7. _____________ is not a Millennium Development Goal.

(A) Develop a global partnership for development

(B) Environmental sustainability

(C) Ensure equal political participation of women

(D) None of these

8. "The Feminine Mystique" was authored by:

(A) Carol Hanisch

(B) Betty Friedan

(C) Gloria Steinem

(D) Audre Lorde

9. The Black feminism differs from mainstream feminism due to its focus on:

(A) Studying the injustices affecting the daily lives of Black women

(B) A long-standing emphasis on intersectionality

(C) Focuses on the cumulative effects of multiple forms of discrimination

(D) All of these

10. Who wrote the influential book "The Second Sex"?

(A) Betty Friedan

(B) Gloria Steinem

(C) Audre Lorde

(D) Simone de Beauvoir

11. The Seneca Falls Convention was led by:

(A) Susan B. Anthony

(B) Sojourner Truth

(C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(D) Alice Paul

12. The Landmark Supreme Court Case in 1973 that legalized abortion in the United States is:

(A) Roe v. Wade

(B) Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(C) Griswold v. Connecticut

(D) Eisenstadt v. Baird

13. The concept of Gender and Development focuses on:

(A) Gender equality

(B) Women's empowerment

(C) Patriarchy

(D) All of these

14. Which of the following indicators measures gender inequality?

(A) Gender Development Index (GDI)

(B) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

(C) Human Development Index (HDI)

(D) All of these

15. Which of the following is a benefit of gender mainstreaming?

(A) Increased efficiency

(B) Improved effectiveness

(C) Enhanced accountability

(D) All of these

16. Which of the following laws was a major focus of the women's rights movement in Pakistan in the 1980s?

(A) The Hudood Ordinance

(B) The Zina Ordinance

(C) The Qanun-e-Shahadat

(D) The Pakistan Penal Code

17. Gender-based violence (GBV) is commonly known as:

(A) Violence committed by men against women

(B) Violence committed by women against men

(C) Violence committed by individuals against themselves

(D) Violence directed by individuals based on their sex or gender

18. Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy is famous for her profession as:

(A) Journalist

(B) Filmmaker

(C) Human rights activist

(D) Politician

19. The gendering of world politics is seen in which areas?

(A) Prostitution and human trafficking

(B) Civil wars and refugee flows

(C) Trade and development

(D) All of these

20. The term Third Wave to Feminism was coined by:

(A) Betty Friden

(B) Rebecca Walker

(C) Gloria Anzalua

(D) Herat Tailor

 

Q. No. 2. — 20 Marks

What are the root causes that led to gender-based violence? How these factors intersect and perpetuate violence against women in Pakistan?

 

 

Q. No. 3. — 20 Marks

Critically evaluate the concept of "gendered globalisation" focusing on the World System Theory and how the globalisation of capitalism has created new forms of patriarchal powers to increase gender inequalities.

 

 

Q. No. 4. — 20 Marks

Discuss the key principles, goals and strategies of the different waves of feminism. How these waves have an impact on women’s lives?

 

 

Q. No. 5. — 20 Marks

Elaborate the historical context and evolution of women's quota in Pakistan concerning key legislations and policies that have shaped the quota system.

 

Q. No. 6. — 20 Marks

Give a detailed analysis of the intersectionality of Gender with Other Social Identities.

 

 

Q. No. 7. — 20 Marks

Critically analyze Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD) models. Discuss its basic principles and limitations in addressing women's needs in developing countries.

 

 

Q. No. 8. — 20 Marks

Critically examine and evaluate Malala Yousafzai's achievements and activism for promoting girls' education in the local and global contexts.

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NOTE:

1. First attempt PART-I (MCQs) on separate OMR Answer Sheet which shall be taken back after 30 minutes.
2. Overwriting/cutting of the options/answers will not be given credit.
3. There is no negative marking. All MCQs must be attempted.

Q.1.

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Who wrote the book that presented the term Écriture feminine, describing the female experience of writing?

(A) Luce Irigaray
(B) Hélène Cixous
(C) Kate Millet
(D) None of these

2. Artificial unseen barriers based on attitudinal and organizational bias preventing career growth of women and other marginalized communities are called:

(A) Glass escalator
(B) Glass cliff
(C) Glass ceiling
(D) None of these

3. Who were excluded from World Anti-Slavery Convention and resolved to hold Seneca Falls Convention?

(A) Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
(C) Lucretia Mott & Mary M’Clintock
(D) None of these

4. Butler proposed that gender is:

(A) Essentialist
(B) Social
(C) Performative
(D) None of these

5. Concept of Intersectionality originated from discussions on:

(A) Gender and race
(B) Gender and class
(C) Gender and religion
(D) None of these

6. Elaine Showalter coined the term:

(A) Archetypal criticism
(B) Reader-response criticism
(C) Gynocriticism
(D) None of these

7. The “Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action” was adopted in:

(A) 1985
(B) 1979
(C) 1994
(D) None of these

8. When was the ‘Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act’ passed?

(A) 2005
(B) 2010
(C) 2015
(D) None of these

9. Which country was the first to grant women suffrage?

(A) Finland
(B) Germany
(C) New Zealand
(D) None of these

10. How many women were in the first constituent assembly of Pakistan?

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 1
(D) None of these

11. The first global policy framework to adopt gender mainstreaming was:

(A) CEDAW
(B) Beijing Declaration
(C) SDGs
(D) None of these

12. ___________ women in the world face gender-based violence.

(A) 5 out of 10
(B) 5 out of 100
(C) 1 out of 3
(D) None of these

13. In the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2023, Pakistan has been ranked _________ out of 146 countries.

(A) 145
(B) 142
(C) 140
(D) None of these

14. According to social learning theory, violence against women is:

(A) Socially constructed
(B) Caused by patriarchy
(C) Innate and natural
(D) None of these

15. What are the traits of an androgynous person?

(A) Positive feminine
(B) Positive masculine and feminine
(C) Negative masculine and feminine
(D) None of these

16. Which approach takes sexual division of labour for granted?

(A) WAD
(B) WID
(C) GAD
(D) None of these

17. How many seats are reserved for women in National Assembly of Pakistan?

(A) 50
(B) 70
(C) 60
(D) None of these

18. The Feminine Mystique was written by:

(A) Gloria Steinem
(B) Noami Wolf
(C) Betty Frieden
(D) None of these

19. Which amongst the following is socially constructed?

(A) Gender
(B) Femininity & masculinity
(C) Both (A) & (B)
(D) None of these

20. Who said, “One is not born, but one rather becomes a woman”?

(A) Simone de Beauvoir
(B) Luce Irigaray
(C) Betty Frieden
(D) None of these

 

PART-II

NOTE:

1. Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.
2. Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.
3. All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.
4. Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q.Paper.
5. No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.
6. Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

 

Q. No. 2. — (20 Marks)

An Egyptian doctor Mahmoud Fathalla uses the term ‘maternity death road’ while discussing issues of women’s maternal health. Discuss women’s health issues in context with Pakistan’s social, cultural and demographic situation.

 

 

Q. No. 3. — (20 Marks)

Write a note on the colonial and capitalistic perspectives of gender. Throw light on the thesis that development is the new name of coloniality in context with the emerging perspectives of gender.

 

 

Q. No. 4. — (20 Marks)

Write in detail the impact of Western Feminist Movements on the feminist movement in Pakistan. Compare the Pakistani feminist movements from past with the emerging trends of feminist activism and their effects.

 

 

Q. No. 5. — (20 Marks)

Give a critical gender analysis of development theories.

 

 

Q. No. 6. — (20 Marks)

What is gender-based violence? What forms of gender-based violence are given in the “Punjab Protection of Women Against Gender-Based Violence Act 2016”? What are the consequences of gender-based violence on women?

 

 

Q. No. 7. — (20 Marks)

Is political participation a human right? If so, what are the obstacles faced by women politicians of Pakistan to pursue a career in politics? What is the impact of political quota system on this?

 

 

Q. No. 8. — (20 Marks)

Write short notes on the following: (10 each)

(a) Is ‘Sex’ also a social construct?

(b) Radical Feminism

 

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Q. No. 2. Discuss in detail the multidisciplinary nature of gender studies. (20)

 

Q. No. 3. Describe any two Western Schools of thought about Feminism in detail. (20)

 

Q. No. 4. Shed light on first wave and third wave of feminism. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. According to your opinion, what are the main issues in women as representatives in Pakistan? (20)

 

Q. No. 6. Discuss in detail Feminist movements in Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 7. What are Capitalistic Perspectives of gender? Explain. (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Discuss in detail Gender Critiqued of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs). (20)

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Q. No. 2. Discuss in detail what the autonomy and integration debate in gender studies have important contribution for the development of the field of knowledge. (20)

 

Q. No. 3. Masculinity and femininity are the deeply engraved realities since distant past in human history. Discuss various theoretical debates on the construction of masculinity and femininity to make it explicit that the formation of both is either natural or social reality. Support your arguments with real life examples. (20)

 

Q. No. 4. Marxist feminism is a philosophical variant of feminism that incorporates and extends Marxist theory and analyzes the ways in which women are exploited through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property. Discuss the development of Marxist/Socialist feminism and the philosophical stance they hold to discuss gender issues and exploitation. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. Psychoanalytic feminism is a theory of oppression, which asserts that men have an inherent psychological need to subjugate women. As elaborated, give a detailed analysis of the gender oppression and women’s subordination promulgated by Psychoanalytic Feminism. (20)

 

Q. No. 6. Modernization Theory blames internal cultural factors for women’s subordination in the developing world. Discuss and elaborate the given statement in respect to Modernization Perspectives. (20)

 

Q. No. 7. Critically analyze the various approaches to women’s development focusing on Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development (GAD). (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Despite the entry of women legislators into politics on a 17 percent quota innational and provincial assemblies, still there are voices that “is Pakistan’s Gender Quota in parliament showing results?”. Rethink and discuss that how quotas can lead to political mainstreaming of women in Pakistan. (20)

 

 

 

 

 

Q. No. 2. Gender has multiple meanings. How do you deconstruct the word “GENDER”? (20)

 

Q. No. 3. How the colonial era influenced the status of women in subcontinent? (20)

 

Q. No. 4. 'Language is gendered', what does this imply? Explain with examples. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. Women need to be in leadership positions to pull more women into leadership roles. Is this suggestion that women need to “pull each other up” a useful one, or is that inappropriate preferential treatment. (20)

 

Q. No. 6. “For realizing, in letter and spirit, the ideals of a democratic welfare state, it is necessary to institute a system which fully guarantees human rights, generates conducive environment for the pragmatic use and beneficial enjoyment of human rights and provides operative safeguards and expeditious remedy against any violation of human rights”. Critically evaluate the statement with special reference to Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 7. Comment on the power and control relationship in gender based violence. (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Discuss the background of the two Oscar winning documentaries by Sharmeen Obiod.(20)

 

 

 

 

Q. No. 2. How do you differentiate the discipline of Gender Studies from that of Women Studies? Historically trace the need for the establishment of Gender Studies as a distinct discipline and its scope and significance with especial reference to Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 3. Outline and explain the three major waves of feminist movements in the West. Discuss the influence of these waves on feminist movements in Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 4. Explain the relevance of Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory to gender equality. Critically analyze the subordination of women in modern societies in the light of these two theories. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. The process of globalization has connected nations worldwide and has made the world a global village, yet it has also increased inequalities across nations. Discuss the gendered inequalities created and promoted by the process of globalization in contemporary societies worldwide. (20)

 

Q. No. 6. Women’s participation in labor force has increased recently yet women continue to perform their reproductive roles. Discuss the challenges encountered by women as a result of their paid employment worldwide with especial reference to Pakistan. (20)

 

Q. No. 7. Explain the structural and direct forms of violence against women in the Pakistani society by highlighting the case study of Mukhtaran Mai. (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following. (10 each) (20)
a. Suffragist movement
b. Postmodern Feminism
c. Structural Functionalism

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Q. No. 2. What are the fundamental differences between Gender Studies and Women's Studies? Substantiate your argument(s) with examples. Highlight the current status of women studies in Pakistan (20)

 

Q. No. 3. Write a comprehensive essay on the ‘sex versus gender debate’ in feminist philosophy and social sciences, reflecting nature versus nurture argument. (20)

 

Q. No. 4. What type(s) of feminism can elevate the social-cultural, economic and political status of women in Pakistan? (20)

 

Q. No. 5. What are the reasons responsible for ranking Pakistan as the second-worst country inthe world for gender inequality despite Pakistan commitment to many international conventions and strong commitment to gender equality in 1973 constitution? (20)

 

Q. No. 6. In the last two decades, globalization has had a huge impact on the lives of women in developing nations, including Pakistan. What are the impacts of global political economy on Pakistani women? (20)

 

Q. No. 7. Believing in the statement that “women cover half the sky”, do you think we need equal number of women in all spheres of public domain, especially in politics? (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on any TWO of the followings: (10 each) (20)
(a) ‘Gender Strategic Needs’ and ‘Gender Practical Needs’
(b) APWA and WAF
(c) Government Initiative for combating the menace of violence against women

 

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Q. No. 2. Define and discuss the discipline of gender studies and also differentiate between women studies and gender studies. (20)

 

Q. No. 3. What are the different forms of gender based violence and, in your opinion, what could be the workable strategies to eliminate gender based violence from Pakistani society? (20)

 

Q. No. 4. “Women active political participation could stabilize democracy and boost economic development.” Comment on this statement within context of
socio-economic realities of Pakistani society. (20)

 

Q. No. 5. What is the status of women’s health in Pakistan? How it could be improved within the available economic resources? (20)

 

Q. No. 6. “ Powerful forces of globalization have highlighted various gender issues across cultures and throughout the globe.” Discuss by quoting examples from developing countries. (20)

 

Q. No. 7. Write a comprehensive note on autonomy versus integration debate in gender studies. (20)

 

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on the following: (10 each)  (20)
a. Honor killing
b. Gender and development