Total Marks: 200

PAPER–I — 100 MARKS

I. Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry

• Electromagnetic spectrum

• Photoelectric effect

• Bohr’s atomic model

• Wave and particle nature of matter

• de Broglie’s equation

• Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

• Wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions

• Probability density

• Eigen functions and Eigen values

• Hamiltonian operator

• Schrödinger wave equation and its solution for particles in one- and three-dimensional boxes

II. Electrochemistry

• Ions in solution

• Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law

• Mobility of ions and transport number

• Conductometric titrations

• Debye–Hückel theory and activity coefficient

• Determination of activities

• Redox reactions

• Spontaneous reactions

• Electrochemical cells

• Standard electrode potentials

• Liquid junction potential

• Electrochemical series

• Nernst’s equation

• Measurement of pH

• Electrolytic cells

• Potentiometry

• Reference and indicator electrodes

• Fuel cells

• Corrosion and its prevention

III. Thermodynamics

• Equations of state

• Ideal and real gases

• Van der Waals equation for real gases

• Critical phenomena and critical constants

• Four laws of thermodynamics and their applications

• Thermochemistry

• Calorimetry

• Heat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure and volume

• Reversible and non-reversible processes

• Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes

• Hess’s law

• Born–Haber cycle

• Relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant

• Gibbs–Helmholtz equation

• Fugacity and activity

IV. Chemical Kinetics

• Rate and molecularity of reactions

• Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction

• Zero-, first-, second- and third-order reactions with the same initial concentrations

• Half-lives of reactions

• Experimental techniques for rate determination

• Methods for determination of order of reaction:

  • Integration method

  • Half-life method

  • Initial-rate method

  • Graphical method

• Collision theory

• Transition state theory

• Arrhenius equation

• Rate equations of complex reactions

V. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis

• Properties of liquids

• Physical and chemical properties of surfaces

• Determination of surface area

• Adsorption and absorption

• Physical adsorption and chemisorption

• Adsorption isotherms

• Langmuir adsorption isotherm

• Freundlich isotherm

• Colloids:

  • Properties

  • Classification

  • Preparation of colloidal systems

• Surfactants

• Phase rule

• Gibbs phase rule

• One-component systems

• Two-component systems and their examples

• Catalysis:

  • Homogeneous catalysis

  • Heterogeneous catalysis

  • Acid-base catalysis

  • Enzyme catalysis

VI. Fundamentals of Chemometrics

• Sampling

• Significant figures

• Stoichiometric calculations

• Measurement errors

• Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

• Arithmetic mean

• Median

• Mode

• Standard deviation and relative standard deviation

• Confidence limits

• Gaussian distribution

• Least-square method

• Statistical tests

VII. Separation Methods

Solvent Extraction

• Theory of solvent extraction

• Solvent extraction of metals

• Analytical separations

• Multiple batch extraction

• Counter-current distribution

Chromatography

• Theory of chromatography

• Classification and overview of chromatographic techniques:

  • Paper chromatography

  • Thin-layer chromatography

  • Column chromatography

  • Ion-exchange chromatography

• Principle of electrophoresis

• Applications of electrophoresis in separation and characterization of proteins

VIII. Basic Inorganic Chemistry

• Types of chemical bonding

• Ionic and covalent bonding

• Localized bond approach

• Theories of chemical bonding

• Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

• Hybridization and resonance

• Prediction of molecular shapes using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model

• Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules

• Delocalized approach to bonding

• Bonding in electron-deficient compounds

• Hydrogen bonding

• Physical and chemical properties of p-block elements, with emphasis on:

  • Oxygen

  • Carbon

  • Chlorine

  • Silicon

  • Nitrogen

  • Phosphorus

• Representative compounds of the above elements

IX. Acids and Bases

• Brief concepts of chemical equilibrium

• Acid-base theories

• Soft and Hard Acid and Base (SHAB) concept

• Relative strength of acids and bases

• Significance of pH, pKa and pKb

• Buffer solutions

• Theory of indicators

• Solubility

• Solubility product

• Common-ion effect

• Industrial applications

X. Chemistry of d- and f-Block Elements

d-Block Elements

• General characteristics of d-block elements

• Historical background of coordination chemistry

• Nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes with coordination numbers 2–10

• Chelates and chelate effect

• Theories of coordination complexes:

  • Werner’s theory

  • Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

  • Crystal Field Theory (CFT)

  • Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)

• Jahn–Teller theorem

• Magnetic properties

• Spectral properties

• Isomerism

• Stereochemistry

• Stability constants of coordination complexes

f-Block Elements

Lanthanides

• General characteristics

• Occurrence

• Extraction and general principles of separation

• Electronic structure and position in the periodic table

• Lanthanide contraction

• Oxidation states

• Spectral and magnetic properties

• Uses

Actinides

• General characteristics

• Electronic structure

• Oxidation states

• Position in the periodic table

• Half-life

• Decay law

PAPER–II — 100 MARKS

I. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

• Bonding and orbital hybridization

• Localized and delocalized bonding

• Inductive effect

• Dipole moment

• Resonance

• Hyperconjugation

II. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

• Nomenclature

• Physical properties

• Preparation and reactions of:

  • Alkanes

  • Alkenes

  • Alkynes

III. Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds

• Benzene structure

• Aromaticity

• Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions

• Activating and deactivating substituents

• Effect of substituents on orientation and reactivity

IV. Chemistry of Functional Groups

• Preparation and properties of:

  • Alcohols

  • Phenols

  • Ethers

  • Amines

• Reaction mechanisms and applications

• Preparation and reactions of alkyl halides

• Synthetic applications of Grignard reagent

• Carbonyl compounds

• Preparation and reaction mechanisms of aldehydes and ketones

• Applications of aldehydes and ketones

• Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

• Acidity of carboxylic acids

• Effect of substituents on acidity

• Preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, including:

  • Acid halides

  • Acid anhydrides

  • Esters

  • Amides

V. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions

• Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions

• Elimination reactions

• Zaitsev rule

• Hofmann rule

• Competition between substitution and elimination reactions

VI. Stereochemistry

• Molecular chirality

• Types of stereoisomers

• R/S and E/Z notation

• Optical activity

• Stereoselectivity

• Stereospecificity

• Resolution of racemic mixtures

VII. Organic Spectroscopy

• Theory, principles, instrumentation and applications of:

  • UV/Visible spectroscopy

  • ¹H NMR spectroscopy

  • IR spectroscopy

  • Mass spectroscopic techniques

VIII. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides

• Oligosaccharides

• Polysaccharides

• Biological functions of:

  • Starch

  • Glycogen

  • Cellulose

  • Cell-wall polysaccharides

Lipids

• Classification of lipids

• Biological importance of lipids

• Significance of lipids in biological membranes

• Transport mechanisms

Amino Acids

• Chemistry and classification of amino acids

• Physical and chemical properties

• Biological significance

Proteins

• Classification

• Properties

• Biological significance

• Primary structure

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

• Quaternary structure

Nucleic Acids

• Chemical composition of nucleic acids

• Structure of nucleic acids

• Biological significance of nucleic acids

Enzymes

• Enzyme-substrate interactions

• Nature of the active site

• Mechanism of enzyme action

• Kinetics of single-substrate reactions

• Enzyme inhibition

• Regulatory enzymes

• Allosteric enzymes

IX. Metabolism

Digestion and Absorption

• Digestion, absorption and transport of:

  • Proteins

  • Carbohydrates

  • Lipids

  • Nucleic acids

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Glycolysis

• Citric acid cycle

• Gluconeogenesis

• Glycogenesis

• Glycogenolysis

• Photosynthesis

Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism

• Biosynthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and bile acids

• Ketone bodies

• Biochemical reactions of amino acids:

  • Decarboxylation

  • Deamination

  • Transamination

  • Transmethylation

• Urea cycle

• Creatine synthesis

• Uric acid synthesis

• Catabolism of nucleosides

• DNA polymerases and other enzymes involved in metabolism

X. Chemical Industries

• Manufacturing and processing of:

  • Sugar

  • Cement

  • Glass

  • Paper

  • Fertilizers

  • Soap

  • Detergents

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