Gender Studies – 100 Marks

I. Introduction to Gender Studies

• Introduction to Gender Studies
• Difference between Gender Studies and Women Studies
• Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies
• Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies
• Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan

II. Social Construction of Gender

• Historicizing Constructionism
• Problematizing the Category of “Sex”: Queer Theory
• Is “Sex” Socially Determined, Too?
• Masculinities and Feminism
• Nature versus Culture: A Debate in Gender Development

III. Feminist Theories and Practice

• What is Feminism?
• Liberal Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Marxist/Socialist Feminism
• Psychoanalytical Feminism
• Men’s Feminism
• Postmodern Feminism

IV. Feminist Movements

• Feminist Movements in the West
• First Wave Feminism
• Second Wave Feminism
• Third Wave Feminism
• United Nations Conferences on Women
• Feminist Movements in Pakistan

V. Gender and Development

• Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives of Gender
• Gender Analysis of Development Theories:
  • Modernization Theory
  • World System Theory
  • Dependency Theory
  • Structural Functionalism
• Gender Approaches to Development:
  • Women in Development (WID)
  • Women and Development (WAD)
  • Gender and Development (GAD)
• Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)
• Globalization and Gender

VI. Status of Women in Pakistan

• Status of Women’s Health in Pakistan
• Status of Women in Education
• Women and Employment
• Women and Law

VII. Gender and Governance

• Defining Governance
• Suffragist Movement
• Gender Issues in Women as Voters
• Gender Issues in Women as Candidates
• Gender Issues in Women as Representatives
• Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan

VIII. Gender-Based Violence

• Defining Gender-Based Violence
• Theories of Violence against Women
• Structural and Direct Forms of Violence
• Strategies to Eliminate Violence against Women

IX. Case Studies

• Mukhtaran Mai
• Malala Yousafzai
• Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy

Suggested Readings

Environmental Sciences – 100 Marks

I. History of Environmental Thought

• Environment and Sustainable Development
• History of Environmental Movements
• Industrial and Agricultural Revolution
• United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972
• Our Common Future, 1987
• Rio Summit, 1992
• Agenda 21
• World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

II. Sustainable Development Issues

• Population Growth
• Poverty
• Biodiversity Loss and its Conservation
• Energy Security:
  • Energy Conservation
  • Alternative Energy Resources
• Urbanization and Sustainable Cities
• Carrying Capacity and Ecological Footprint
• Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture
• Ecological Restoration

III. Interdisciplinary Nature of Environmental Science

Orientation on the convergence of various social and natural sciences to evolve a new discipline of Environmental Science:

• Environmental Biology
• Environmental Chemistry
• Environmental Physics
• Environmental Microbiology
• Environmental Toxicology
• Environmental Economics
• Environmental Geology
• Environmental Geography
• Environmental Biotechnology
• Environmental Sociology

IV. Environmental Pollution

• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Solid Waste
• Waterlogging and Salinity
• Deforestation
• Desertification
• Eutrophication
• Global and Regional Air Pollution Problems:
  • Greenhouse Effect
  • Global Warming and Climate Change
  • Ozone Depletion
  • Acid Rain

V. Climate Change

• Climate Patterns at Local, Regional and Global Scales
• Different Types of Climate:
  • Tropical Climate
  • Mid-Latitude Climate
  • Polar Climate
• Climate Change Processes
• Drivers and Indicators of Climate Change
• Effects of Climate Change on Natural and Societal Systems
• Carbon Footprint
• Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• REDD+
• Global Environmental Politics on Climate Change:
  • Role of India
  • Role of China
  • Role of the USA
  • Copenhagen Accord, 2009

VI. Environmental Governance

Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Environmental Governance in Pakistan

• National Conservation Strategy, 1992
• National Environmental Policy, 2005
• Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
• Pak-EPA (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations, 2000
• Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2005
• Pollution Charge Rules
• Sample Rules
• Solid Waste Management Plan, 2005
• Hazardous Substances Rules, 2005
• National Drinking Water Policy, 2009
• Sanitation Policy
• National Climate Change Policy, 2012

VII. Global Initiatives

Brief overview of the Multilateral Environmental Agreements ratified by Pakistan:

• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

VIII. Environmental Assessment and Management

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
• Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000)
• Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18000)
• Participatory Approaches to Environmental Management
• Technological Approaches to Environmental Management
• Approaches to Solid Waste Management
• Disaster Risk Management
• Pollution Control Technologies
• Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing
• Natural Resources Management

Suggested Readings

Agriculture and Forestry – 100 Marks

Part-I: Agriculture – 50 Marks

I. Concept of Integrated Agriculture

• Components of Natural Resources as Bases for Agricultural Production:
  • Land
  • Water
  • Biological Resources
  • Environmental Resources
  • Solar Energy
  • Energy Resources

II. Challenges in Pakistan’s Agriculture

• Present Scenario and Future Prospects
• Analytical Overview of Issues and Strategies for Improvement of:
  • Crop Management
  • Livestock Management
  • Fisheries
  • Cottage Industry
  • Resource Management
  • Rural Development
• Institutions and Policies:
  • Issues
  • Options and Strategies

III. Elements of Climate and Their Relationship with Crop Growth

• Elements of Climate and Crop Growth
• Farming Systems
• Biological Nitrogen Fixation
• Soil Profile
• Soil Structure and Texture
• Soil Fertility
• Soil Erosion and Conservation
• Waterlogging and Salinity

IV. Genetic Improvement for Crop Production

• Genetic Improvement of Crops
• GMO Crops
• Seed Production Technology

V. Horticulture

• Floriculture
• Landscaping
• Pests and Diseases of Agricultural Crops
• Control of Pests and Diseases
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

VI. Rainfed and Irrigated Agriculture

• Rainfed Agriculture
• Irrigated Agriculture
• Agricultural Mechanization
• Land Tenure
• Land Reforms
• Role of Agriculture in the National Economy

Part-II: Forestry – 50 Marks

I. Forests, Rangelands and Wildlife

• Importance and Significance of:
  • Forests
  • Rangelands
  • Wildlife

II. Forest Management and Utilization

• Forest Management
• Forest Utilization
• Wood-Based Industries in Pakistan
• Silviculture

III. Range Management and Utilization

• Range Management
• Range Utilization

IV. National and International Forest Wealth Statistics

• National Forest Wealth Statistics
• International Forest Wealth Statistics

V. Role of Wildlife as Value Addition to Forestry

• Wildlife as a Component of Forest Ecosystems
• Economic and Ecological Value of Wildlife
• Wildlife as Value Addition to Forestry

VI. Forest-Based Wildlife Reservations of Pakistan and Their Management

• Forest-Based Wildlife Reservations of Pakistan
• Management of Wildlife Reservations
• Eco-Tourism

VII. Forestry, Agroforestry, Social Forestry and Forest Biometrics

• Forestry
• Agroforestry
• Social Forestry
• Forest Biometrics

VIII. Socio-Economic and Ecological Impact of Man-Made Forests

• Socio-Economic Impacts of Man-Made Forests
• Ecological Impacts of Man-Made Forests

IX. Watershed Management and Role of Forests in Climate Change

• Watershed Management
• Role of Forests in Watershed Conservation
• Role of Forests in the Prevailing Climate Change Dilemma

X. National Forest Laws and Policies

• National Forest Laws
• Forest Policies at the National Level
• Biodiversity
• Environment and Forest Conservation

Suggested Readings

Botany – 100 Marks

I. Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

Phycology

• Distribution, Classification, Structure, Life History and Economic Importance of the Main Groups of Algae

Mycology and Plant Pathology

• Structure, Reproduction, Classification and Economic Importance of the Main Groups of Fungi
• Diseases of Economically Important Crops
• General Principles of Control of Plant Diseases

Bryology

• Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes
• Evolution of Gametophyte and Sporophyte

II. Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms

• General Account of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
• Structure and Life History of Pteridophytes
• Structure and Life History of Gymnosperms
• Affinities of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
• Ontogeny and Structure of Seed
• Classification of Gymnosperms
• Economic Importance of Gymnosperms

III. Anatomy and Embryology

Plant Anatomy

• Primary and Secondary Tissues
• Meristems
• Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem
• Anatomy of Leaf
• Anatomy of Stem
• Anatomy of Root

Plant Embryology

• Microsporogenesis
• Megasporogenesis
• Pollination Mechanisms
• Fertilization
• Development of Embryo
• Development of Endosperm
• Seed Dispersal

IV. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

• Systems of Classification
• Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
• Concepts of Speciation
• Modern Trends in Plant Taxonomy:
  • Biosystematics
  • Chemotaxonomy
  • Numerical Taxonomy
• General Characteristics and Economic Importance of Common Angiosperm Families

V. Plant Physiology

Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition

• Plant Water Relations
• Osmotic Quantities
• Component Potentials of Water and Their Role in Transport
• Water Absorption by Roots
• Transpiration
• Role of Essential Mineral Elements
• Uptake of Mineral Elements

Plant Growth and Development

• Plant Hormones
• Photoperiodism
• Vernalization
• Dormancy
• Seed Germination
• Enzymes

Photosynthesis

• Plant Pigments
• Light Reaction
• CO₂ Fixation
• Mechanism of Photophosphorylation

Respiration

• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation

VI. Ecology

Ecological Factors and Ecosystems

• Influence of Climatic, Edaphic and Biotic Factors on Plant Growth
• Vegetation Sampling Techniques
• Concepts of Ecosystems and Their Productivity
• Ecological Energetics
• Ecological Pyramids:
  • Pyramid of Numbers
  • Pyramid of Biomass
  • Pyramid of Energy
• Trophic Levels
• Food Chains
• Food Webs

Biogeochemical Cycles

• Hydrological Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle

Ecological Succession and Environmental Issues

• Ecological Succession
• Causes and Reclamation of Soil Salinity and Waterlogging in Pakistan
• Soil Erosion
• Soil Erosion Control
• Soil Conservation Methods
• Deforestation
• Biodiversity Conservation
• Pollution

VII. Cytology

Cell Structure and Function

• Cell Cycle
• Cellular Morphology
• Chemistry of Cell Wall
• Chemistry of Cell Membrane
• Cell-to-Cell Communication
• Plant Tissue and Cell Culture
• Cell Senescence
• Cell Death

Ultra-Structure of Cell Organelles

• Mitochondria
• Golgi Bodies
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Plastids
• Ribosomes
• Glyoxysomes
• Vacuoles
• Nucleus

VIII. Genetics

• Mendelian Genetics
• Multiple Alleles
• Polygenic Inheritance
• Gene Interaction
• Epistasis
• Pleiotropy
• Sex-Linked Inheritance
• Chromosomal Aberrations
• Mutations
• DNA Repair

IX. Evolution

• Introduction to Evolution
• Evolutionary History
• Evolution of Life
• Convergent Evolution
• Divergent Evolution
• Parallel Evolution
• Natural Selection

X. Molecular Biology

• Nucleic Acids
• DNA as Hereditary Material
• DNA Replication
• Transcription
• Genetic Code
• Protein Synthesis
• Genetic Engineering and Its Applications
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Suggested Readings

Zoology – 100 Marks

I. Animal Diversity – Invertebrates

General Concepts

• Architectural Patterns of Animals
• Taxonomy and Phylogeny
• Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom

Animal-Like Protists: Protozoa

• Evolutionary Perspective
• Locomotion
• Reproduction
• Protozoa of Veterinary and Medical Importance

Porifera

• Body Wall
• Skeleton
• Water Current System

Coelenterates

• Reproduction
• Alternation of Generations
• Polymorphism
• Coral Reefs

Platyhelminthes and Nematodes

• Parasitic Adaptations
• Medical Importance

Annelids

• Metamerism
• Ecological Importance

Molluscs

• Modification of Foot
• Feeding Mechanisms
• Role in Shellfishery

Arthropods

• Modification of Mouthparts
• Role as Vectors in the Transmission of Microbial Infections
• Ecological Importance of Arthropods

Echinoderms

• General Characteristics
• Evolutionary Perspective
• Relationships with Other Animals
• Distinctive Echinoderm Characteristics

II. Animal Diversity – Chordata

Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates

• Evolutionary Perspective
• Phylogenetic Relationships
• Phylogenetic Considerations

Fishes

• Structural Adaptations
• Functional Adaptations

Amphibians

• Movement onto Land
• Early Evolution of Terrestrial Vertebrates

Reptiles

• Characteristics of Reptiles
• Adaptations in Reptilians

Birds

• Migration and Navigation
• Structural and Functional Adaptations

Mammals

• Structural Adaptations
• Functional Adaptations

III. Principles of Animal Life

Chemical Basis of Animal Life

• Brief Introduction to Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Cell Biology

• Cell Concept and Cell Theory
• Organization of Cellular Organelles
• Structure and Functions of Cell Organelles
• Central Dogma of Cell Biology:
  • Transcription
  • Translation
• Meiosis
• Mitosis

Protozoa

• Reproduction Patterns in Protozoans
• Parasitism in Protozoans

Mesozoa and Parazoa

Porifera

• Cell Types
• Body Wall
• Skeleton
• Water Current System

Coelenterata

• Reproduction
• Alternation of Generations
• Polymorphism

Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Organs and Organ Systems

Enzymes and Energy Metabolism

• Functions of Enzymes
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
• Cofactors
• Coenzymes
• Energy Harvesting
• Aerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
• ATP as the Major Energy Source

Genetics

• Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
• Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Multiple Alleles
• Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Mutations
• Chromosomal Aberrations

Ecology

• Ecological Concepts
• Interactions within Ecosystems
• Concepts and Components of Ecosystems
• Food Chains
• Food Webs
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Forests
• Biomes
• Wildlife Conservation and Management
• Environmental Pollution
• Greenhouse Effect
• Acid Rain
• Global Warming

Evolution

• Darwinian Evolutionary Theory Based on Natural Selection
• Evidence for Evolution
• Microevolution:
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genetic Change within Species
• Macroevolution:
  • Species
  • Speciation
  • Allopatric Speciation
  • Parapatric Speciation
  • Sympatric Speciation

IV. Animal Form and Function

Protection, Support and Movement

• Integumentary System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
• Animal Muscles
• Muscular System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Digestion and Nutrition

• Feeding Mechanisms
• Digestion
• Organization of the Alimentary Canal
• Regional Functions of the Alimentary Canal
• Regulation of Food Intake
• Nutritional Requirements

Internal Fluids and Respiration

• Internal Fluid Environment
• Composition of Blood
• Circulation Mechanisms
• Respiration Mechanisms

Homeostasis

• Excretion
• Vertebrate Kidney Mechanisms
• Temperature Regulation

Nervous Coordination

• Nervous System and Sense Organs
• Functional Units of the Nervous System
• Synapses and Junctions between Nerves

Chemical Coordination

• Endocrine System
• Vertebrate Endocrine Glands
• Types of Hormones
• Mechanisms of Hormone Action

Animal Behavior

• Learning
• Habituation
• Insight Learning
• Latent Learning
• Classical Learning
• Control of Behavior
• Social Behavior

Suggested Readings

Total Marks: 100

The English Literature paper is divided into six components, with the following allocation of marks:

I. Essays — 10 Marks

Bertrand Russell

• The Conquest of Happiness

George Orwell

• Politics and the English Language
• The Prevention of Literature

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• The Transcendentalist
• Self-Reliance

II. Short Stories — 10 Marks

Somerset Maugham

• The Lotus-Eater

G. K. Chesterton

• A Somewhat Improbable Story

O. Henry

• The Gift of the Magi

III. Poetry — 20 Marks

William Wordsworth

• Resolution and Independence
• Tintern Abbey

John Keats

• Ode to a Nightingale
• Ode to Autumn

Lord Alfred Tennyson

• Ulysses
• The Lady of Shalott

W. B. Yeats

• A Dialogue of Self and Soul
• The Second Coming

T. S. Eliot

• The Waste Land
• The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

Philip Larkin

• Maturity
• Continuing to Live
• The Trees

Wallace Stevens

• A Postcard from the Volcano
• Continual Conversation with a Silent Man
• Dry Loaf

OR

Walt Whitman

• As I Ponder’d in Silence
• Are You the New Person Drawn Toward Me?
• This Moment Yearning and Thoughtful

IV. Drama — 20 Marks

William Shakespeare

• Hamlet
• King Lear
• As You Like It
• Twelfth Night

William Congreve

• The Way of the World

George Bernard Shaw

• Pygmalion
• Heartbreak House

Harold Pinter

• The Caretaker

Samuel Beckett

• Waiting for Godot

Eugene O’Neill

• Long Day’s Journey into Night

V. Novels — 20 Marks

Thomas Hardy

• Far from the Madding Crowd

D. H. Lawrence

• Sons and Lovers

George Orwell

• Nineteen Eighty-Four

James Joyce

• A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Iris Murdoch

• Under the Net

Nathaniel Hawthorne

• The Scarlet Letter

OR

William Faulkner

• The Sound and the Fury

VI. Literary Theory & Criticism — 20 Marks

The following major schools and approaches to literary criticism are included:

1. Structuralism
2. Marxism
3. Deconstructionism
4. Psychoanalytic Criticism
5. Feminist Criticism
6. Postcolonial Criticism

Note

The texts are mentioned in brackets alongside each author's name. For the component on Literary Theory and Criticism, and for understanding poetry and drama—particularly 20th-century poetry and drama—the following readings are suggested.

Suggested Readings