Journalism and Mass Communication – 100 Marks

I. Introduction to Mass Communication

1. Concept of Mass Communication

• Definitions

• Need, importance, and purposes

• Types of communication

• Process of communication

• Basic models of communication

2. Communication Models

• Functions of a model

• Evaluation of a model

3. Basic Models in Mass Communication

• Lasswell’s Model (1948)

• Shannon-Weaver Model (1948)

• Osgood’s Model (1954)

• Schramm’s Model (1954)

• Newcomb’s Symmetry Theory (1953)

• Westley-MacLean’s Model (1976)

• Gerbner’s Model (1956)

II. Mass Communication Theories

• Normative theories of the press

• Schramm’s four theories and criticism of these theories

• Media as agents of power

• The Spiral of Silence

• Media Uses and Gratifications

• Media Hegemony

• Diffusion of Innovations

• Powerful Effects Model:

  • Hypodermic Needle Theory

  • Silver Bullet Theory

• Moderate Effects Model:

  • Two-Step Flow of Communication

  • Multi-Step Flow of Communication

• Powerful Media Revisited:

  • Marshall McLuhan’s Media Determinism

III. Global / International Communication

• Historical context of international communication

• Globalization, technology, and mass media

• Communication and cultural imperialism

• Communication flow in global media

• Imbalance in the flow of information between North and South

• McBride Commission and its recommendations

• International communication in the Internet Age

• New social media and its effects on the developing world

IV. Media and Society

• Mass media and social change

• Media as a social system:

  • Balance between interdependence and interrelation

• Media freedom and its role in democracy

• The functional approach to mass media:

  • Four social functions of the media

• Media as an awareness agent

• Mass media and social representation

V. Mass Media in Pakistan

• Media system in Pakistan:

  • Historical review

  • Chronological review

  • Analytical review

• The system of journalism and the media system

• Employer-employee relations in Pakistani media

• Government-press relations

• Press in Pakistan:

  • The newspaper industry

  • From mission to market

• Electronic media:

  • From total dependence to enormous power

• The new 24/7 television:

  • Uses and abuses

• The new radio:

  • Potential for change

  • Present performance

• The question of freedom and responsibility

VI. Development Support Communication

• Theories of development support communication with specific focus on the developing world

• The dominant paradigm of development:

  • Historical perspective

  • Analytical perspective

• The alternative paradigm of development

• “Small is Beautiful”:

  • Community development as a snowball effect

• Globalization vs. localization

• Glocalization

• Social marketing:

  • How to infuse new ideas into a developing population

VII. Public Relations

• Concept of public relations

• Historical development of public relations:

  • From press agentry to modern PR

• Public relations in Pakistan

• Ministry of Information

• Press Information Department (PID)

• Public relations and publicity

• PR as a tool for governance

• Private PR agencies and their structure

• Basic methods of PR:

  • Press release

  • Press note

  • Press conference

• PR ethics

VIII. Media Laws and Ethics

• History of media laws in Pakistan

• Development of media regulations from the British colonial era to independent Pakistan

• Libel and defamation

• Relevant portions of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC)

• PPO and RPPPO

• PEMRA:

  • Establishment

  • Development

  • Operational mechanisms

• Press Council of Pakistan (PCP)

• Citizens Media Commission:

  • Need

  • Present status

  • Reasons for inactivity

• Press Code of Ethics

• Inability of the media to develop a code of ethics as an institution

• The media’s quest for freedom and its inability to self-regulate

Suggested Readings

Psychology – 100 Marks

I. Nature and Scope of Psychology

• Definition and scope of psychology
• Psychology as a science
• Schools of psychology
• Perspectives and models of psychology
• Recent trends in psychology

II. Biological Basis of Behaviour

• Nervous system
• Neuron and its functions
• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
• Endocrine system

III. Sensation and Perception

• Sensory processes through sense organs
• Perception
• Gestalt principles
• Binocular cues
• Monocular cues
• Illusions
• Extra-sensory perception (ESP)
• Determinants of perception

IV. Learning and Memory

Learning

• Nature and forms of learning
• Types of learning:
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Observational learning
• Reinforcement
• Extinction
• Discrimination
• Punishment
• Theories of learning

Memory

• Types of memory
• Processes of memory
• Forgetting
• Theories of memory

V. Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

• Homeostasis
• Factors affecting motivation
• Biogenic motives
• Social motives
• Measurement of human motivation
• Theories of motivation

Emotion

• Concept of emotion
• Types of emotions
• Physiological changes and emotion
• Theories of emotion

VI. Psychological Assessment

• Attributes of psychological measures
• Validity
• Reliability
• Item analysis
• Norms
• Modern test theory
• Selection and training
• Educational assessment
• Clinical assessment
• Ethical standards
• Legal issues

VII. Personality

• Determinants of personality
• Factors in the development of personality
• Theoretical perspectives of personality
• Traits and types
• Personality assessment and techniques
• Cross-cultural issues in personality

VIII. Intelligence

• Theories of intelligence
• Types of intelligence:
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
  • Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
• Assessment of intelligence

IX. Social Influence and Group Dynamics

• Social facilitation
• Attribution
• Conformity
• Obedience
• Altruism
• Attitudes
• Social norms

X. Developmental Psychology

• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Social development
• Emotional development

Stages of Development

• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Old age

XI. Abnormal and Clinical Psychology

• Concept of abnormality
• Causes of abnormality
• Clinical assessment
• Clinical intervention
• Psychological disorders, including:
  • Schizophrenia
  • Mood disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Personality disorders
  • Other major psychological disorders
• Psychological treatment
• Different therapeutic techniques

XII. Organizational / Industrial Psychology

• Leadership styles
• Decision-making
• Work motivation
• Organizational culture
• Stress at work
• Conflict at work and its management
• Organizational socialization
• Job-related attitudes
• Sexual harassment
• Glass ceiling
• Human-computer interaction

XIII. Health Psychology

• Health beliefs and behaviour
• Models of health psychology
• Assessment and intervention
• Models of stress
• Chronic illness
• Terminal illness
• Role of social support

XIV. Forensic Psychology

• Psychology and law
• Psychological aspects of investigation
• Confession
• Eyewitness testimony
• Working with offenders
• Juvenile delinquents
• Drug addicts
• Sex offenders
• Other applications of forensic psychology

Suggested Readings

Total Marks: 100

Part I — Physical Geography

Marks: 50

I. Geomorphology and Landform Development

• Factors controlling landform development
• Endogenetic and exogenetic forces
• Origin and evolution of the Earth’s crust
• Physical conditions of the Earth’s interior
• Geosynclines
• Continental drift
• Isostasy
• Sea-floor spreading
• Plate tectonics
• Mountain building
• Volcanicity
• Earthquakes
• Concepts of geomorphic cycles
• Landforms associated with:
  • Fluvial cycles
  • Arid cycles
  • Glacial cycles
  • Coastal cycles
  • Karst cycles
• Groundwater

II. Climatology

• Elements and factors of climate
• Structure and composition of the atmosphere
• Insolation
• Temperature
• Pressure belts of the world
• Heat budget of the Earth
• Atmospheric circulation:
  • Planetary winds
  • Monsoon winds
  • Local winds
• Air masses and fronts
• Hydrological cycle
• Types of condensation and precipitation
• Factors affecting the global distribution of precipitation

III. Oceanography

• Origin of oceans and seas
• Characteristic features of ocean basins
• Temperature and salinity distribution:
  • Causes
  • Effects
• Ocean-floor deposits:
  • Characteristics
  • Classification
• Ocean circulation
• Waves
• Ocean currents
• Tides:
  • Nature
  • Causes
  • Effects

IV. Environmental Geography

• Factors of climate and environmental change
• Transformation of nature by humans
• Environmental degradation and conservation
• Nature and types of pollution
• Problems caused by pollution
• Global warming
• Global environmental patterns
• Environmental hazards and risk management

Part II — Human Geography

Marks: 50

V. Cultural and Development Geography

• Origin and diffusion of culture
• Geographical patterns of culture
• Classification of languages
• World distribution of languages
• Indo-European languages
• Origins of religions
• Diffusion of religions
• Global distribution of religions
• Regional conflicts
• Ethnicities and nationalities
• Ethnic conflicts
• Ethnic diversity in the world
• Factors responsible for ethnic cleansing
• Ethnic cleansing in the world
• Development indicators
• Economic indicators
• Social indicators
• Health indicators
• Development through trade
• Impacts of development indicators

VI. Agricultural, Industrial and Resource Geography

• Factors affecting agriculture
• Subsistence agriculture and population growth
• Commercial agriculture and market forces
• Sustainable agriculture
• Types and distribution of agriculture
• Factors influencing industrial locations
• Industrial Revolution
• Industrial theories
• Distribution of industries and industrial estates
• Renewable resources
• Recycling of resources
• Sustainable resources

VII. Population, Settlement and Urban Geography

• Factors of population growth
• Components of population change
• Population structure
• Demographic Transition
• World distribution of population
• Overpopulation and underpopulation:
  • Threats
  • Consequences
• Models of the internal structure of cities
• World urban patterns
• Settlement theories
• Patterns and problems within urban areas

VIII. Political, Tourism and Medical Geography

• Politics, geography and political geography
• State as a politico-territorial phenomenon
• State, nation and nation-state
• World politics and international relations
• Geopolitics of uneven development
• Globalization of capital
• Geography of tourism and recreation
• Demand for tourism and recreation
• Supply of tourism and recreation
• Impacts of tourism and recreation:
  • Socio-economic impacts
  • Physical and environmental impacts
• Global patterns in health and diseases
• Models in medical geography
• Recent issues and developments

Suggested Readings

Sociology – 100 Marks

I. General Sociology

1. Individual

• Sociability or the sociality of man.

2. Culture

• Meaning and characteristics:
  • Culture is variable.
  • Culture is learned.
  • Culture is social.
  • Culture is shared.
  • Culture is transmissive.
  • Culture is dynamic.
  • Culture is adaptive.
• Types of culture:
  • Material culture.
  • Non-material culture.
• Functions of culture:
  • Transfer of knowledge.
  • Define situations.
  • Provide behavioral patterns.
  • Mould personality.
• Elements of culture:
  • Norms.
  • Values.
  • Beliefs.
  • Sanctions.
  • Customs.
• Culture and socialization.
• Formal and non-formal socialization.
• Transmission of culture.
• Cultural relativism.
• Sub-cultures.
• Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism.
• Cultural lag.
• High culture and popular culture.
• Multiculturalism.
• Assimilation and acculturation.

3. Society

• Meaning and characteristics of society.
• Community: meaning and characteristics.
• Individual and society.
• Relationship between individual and society.
• Two main theories regarding the relationship between man and society:
  1. Social Contract Theory.
  2. Organismic Theory.
• Social and cultural evolution of society:
  • Hunting and Gathering Society.
  • Herding and Advanced Herding Society.
  • Horticultural Society.
  • Agrarian Society.
  • Industrial Society.
  • Postmodern Society.

4. Social Interaction

• Caste and classes.
• Forms of social classes.
• Feudal system in Pakistan.
• Social mobility:
  • Nature of social mobility.
  • Determinants of social mobility in Pakistani society.
• Culture of poverty.

5. Social Control

• Mechanisms of social control:
  • Formal means of social control.
  • Informal means of social control.
• Anomie.
• Alienation.
• Social integration.
• Means of social integration in Pakistani society.

6. Social and Cultural Change and Social Policy

• Processes of social and cultural change.
• Discovery.
• Inhibitions to social and cultural change in Pakistan.
• Social planning.
• Directed social and cultural change.
• Effects of:
  • Industrialization.
  • Urbanization.
  • Modernization.
  • Modern means of communication on social change.

7. Public Opinion

• Formation of public opinion.
• Concept of opinion leader.
• Characteristics of opinion leadership.

8. Community

• Rural community.
• Traditional characteristics of rural life.
• Urban community.
• Rural–urban convergence.
• Urbanism.
• Future of cities in Pakistan.

9. Social Institutions

• Nature and genesis of institutions.
• Process of institutionalization.
• Functions of social institutions:
  • Family.
  • Religion.
  • Education.
  • Economy.
  • Politics.

10. Social Problems in Pakistan

• High population growth rate.
• Rural–urban migration.
• Issues of technical and vocational training.
• Deviance and street crime.
• Unemployment.
• Illiteracy and school dropout.
• Smuggling.
• Prostitution.
• Poverty.
• Drug addiction.
• Child labour and abuse.
• Bonded labour.
• Social customs and traditions affecting women in Pakistan.
• Violence against women.
• Domestic violence.
• Issues concerning the elderly in Pakistan.

II. Sociological Theory

Three Major Sociological Perspectives

1. Structural Functionalism.
2. Symbolic Interactionism.
3. Conflict Perspective.

Major Sociological Theorists

• Ibn-i-Khaldun.
• Herbert Spencer.
• Auguste Comte.
• Émile Durkheim.
• Max Weber.
• Karl Marx.
• Talcott Parsons.

III. Methods of Sociological Research

• Scientific method.
• Steps in research.
• Types of questionnaires.
• Research design.
• Surveys.
• Observation.
• Case studies.

Suggested Readings

Total Marks: 100

I. Anthropology

• Definition of Anthropology
• Historical development of Anthropology
• Recent trends in Anthropology

II. Social Anthropology

1. Culture

• Definition of culture
• Characteristics of culture
• Functions of culture

2. Relationship with Other Social Sciences

• Relationship of Anthropology with other social sciences

3. Sub-fields of Anthropology

• Biological Anthropology
• Archaeological Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology

4. Institution of Family and Marriage

• Definition
• Types
• Structure
• Functions
• Family organization

5. Kinship and Social Organization

• Definition
• Types
• Functions
• Kinship terminology

6. Economic Organization

• Definition and evolution
• Substantivism versus formalism
• Reciprocity
• Production
• Consumption
• Redistribution
• Barter
• Primitive economic systems

7. Political Organization

• Definition
• Evolution of political systems
• Characteristics of:
  • Band societies
  • Tribal societies
  • Chiefdom societies
  • State societies
• Internal conflict theories
• External conflict theories
• Origin of civilization
• Politics of identity
• Ethnicity
• Nationalism
• Modernism
• Post-modernism

8. Religion

• Definition
• Evolution of primitive religions
• Functions of religion
• Comparison of divine religions and other world religions, including:
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Jainism

9. Contemporary Human Problems

• Poverty
• Social inequality
• Political instability
• Population problems
• Ethnic violence
• Terrorism

III. Urban Anthropology

• Rural-urban migration
• Expansion of cities
• Major environmental issues
• Sanitation problems
• Urbanization and development
• Establishment of slums and squatter settlements
• Refugees, Yankees, Betties and Gypsies
• Wars and conflict
• Conversion of power from feudal to industrialists
• Institutionalization
• Education system
• Change in the mode of production from agriculture to capitalism
• Poverty: theories and remedies
• Psychological, cultural, economic, political, religious, physical, environmental, ecological, demographic and linguistic dimensions of poverty
• City management
• Conflict theory: Karl Marx
• Problems created by mechanization and automation

IV. Socio-Cultural Changes

• Definition of socio-cultural change
• Various dimensions of social change
• Barriers to socio-cultural and psychological change
• Motivational factors for change
• Population pressure
• Diffusion of innovation
• Socio-religious barriers to accepting innovation and new ideas
• Media and cultural change
• Dynamics of change in Pakistan
• Trends and prospects

V. Ethnicity and Race

1. Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity

• Origin of race and theories
• Ethnic groups
• Nations and nationality
• Ethnic conflict

2. Social Variation and Stratification

• Degree of social variation
• Rank societies
• Caste and class societies
• Racism and inequality
• Ethnicity and inequality
• Social stratification

VI. Anthropological Theories

1. Major Contributors

• Edward Burnett Tylor
• Lewis Henry Morgan
• James Frazer
• Karl Marx
• Edmund Leach
• Franz Boas
• Margaret Mead
• Ruth Benedict
• Alfred Kroeber
• A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
• Bronislaw Malinowski
• Clifford Geertz
• Talal Asad
• Akbar S. Ahmed
• Ibn-e-Khaldoon
• Shah Waliullah

2. Classical Theories

• Degeneration
• Evolutionism
• Diffusionism

3. Modern Theories

• Functionalism
• Structural-functionalism
• Class struggle
• Structuralism
• Historical particularism
• Feminism
• Culture and personality

4. Current Trends in Anthropological Thought

• Post-modernism
• Romanticism
• Poetics of ethnography
• Politics of ethnography

VII. Anthropological Research Methods

1. Social Research

• Meaning and definition
• Types of social research
• Aims of social research

2. Research Approaches

• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research

3. Research Process

• Purpose of research
• Research question
• Variables
• Hypothesis
• Research objectives
• Research design
• Sampling
• Field data collection

4. Tools of Data Collection

• Questionnaire
• Interview
• Participant observation

5. Data Processing and Presentation

• Data classification
• Data analysis
• Report writing

Suggested Readings