Total Marks: 100

I. Anthropology

• Definition of Anthropology
• Historical development of Anthropology
• Recent trends in Anthropology

II. Social Anthropology

1. Culture

• Definition of culture
• Characteristics of culture
• Functions of culture

2. Relationship with Other Social Sciences

• Relationship of Anthropology with other social sciences

3. Sub-fields of Anthropology

• Biological Anthropology
• Archaeological Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology

4. Institution of Family and Marriage

• Definition
• Types
• Structure
• Functions
• Family organization

5. Kinship and Social Organization

• Definition
• Types
• Functions
• Kinship terminology

6. Economic Organization

• Definition and evolution
• Substantivism versus formalism
• Reciprocity
• Production
• Consumption
• Redistribution
• Barter
• Primitive economic systems

7. Political Organization

• Definition
• Evolution of political systems
• Characteristics of:
  • Band societies
  • Tribal societies
  • Chiefdom societies
  • State societies
• Internal conflict theories
• External conflict theories
• Origin of civilization
• Politics of identity
• Ethnicity
• Nationalism
• Modernism
• Post-modernism

8. Religion

• Definition
• Evolution of primitive religions
• Functions of religion
• Comparison of divine religions and other world religions, including:
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Jainism

9. Contemporary Human Problems

• Poverty
• Social inequality
• Political instability
• Population problems
• Ethnic violence
• Terrorism

III. Urban Anthropology

• Rural-urban migration
• Expansion of cities
• Major environmental issues
• Sanitation problems
• Urbanization and development
• Establishment of slums and squatter settlements
• Refugees, Yankees, Betties and Gypsies
• Wars and conflict
• Conversion of power from feudal to industrialists
• Institutionalization
• Education system
• Change in the mode of production from agriculture to capitalism
• Poverty: theories and remedies
• Psychological, cultural, economic, political, religious, physical, environmental, ecological, demographic and linguistic dimensions of poverty
• City management
• Conflict theory: Karl Marx
• Problems created by mechanization and automation

IV. Socio-Cultural Changes

• Definition of socio-cultural change
• Various dimensions of social change
• Barriers to socio-cultural and psychological change
• Motivational factors for change
• Population pressure
• Diffusion of innovation
• Socio-religious barriers to accepting innovation and new ideas
• Media and cultural change
• Dynamics of change in Pakistan
• Trends and prospects

V. Ethnicity and Race

1. Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity

• Origin of race and theories
• Ethnic groups
• Nations and nationality
• Ethnic conflict

2. Social Variation and Stratification

• Degree of social variation
• Rank societies
• Caste and class societies
• Racism and inequality
• Ethnicity and inequality
• Social stratification

VI. Anthropological Theories

1. Major Contributors

• Edward Burnett Tylor
• Lewis Henry Morgan
• James Frazer
• Karl Marx
• Edmund Leach
• Franz Boas
• Margaret Mead
• Ruth Benedict
• Alfred Kroeber
• A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
• Bronislaw Malinowski
• Clifford Geertz
• Talal Asad
• Akbar S. Ahmed
• Ibn-e-Khaldoon
• Shah Waliullah

2. Classical Theories

• Degeneration
• Evolutionism
• Diffusionism

3. Modern Theories

• Functionalism
• Structural-functionalism
• Class struggle
• Structuralism
• Historical particularism
• Feminism
• Culture and personality

4. Current Trends in Anthropological Thought

• Post-modernism
• Romanticism
• Poetics of ethnography
• Politics of ethnography

VII. Anthropological Research Methods

1. Social Research

• Meaning and definition
• Types of social research
• Aims of social research

2. Research Approaches

• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research

3. Research Process

• Purpose of research
• Research question
• Variables
• Hypothesis
• Research objectives
• Research design
• Sampling
• Field data collection

4. Tools of Data Collection

• Questionnaire
• Interview
• Participant observation

5. Data Processing and Presentation

• Data classification
• Data analysis
• Report writing

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