Geography (100 Marks) - Group - VII https://cssforum.net/group-vii/geography-100-marks/ CSS Forum Discussion Board en-US Wed, 09 Sep 2026 11:35:48 +0000 wpForo 60 Geography (100 Marks) https://cssforum.net/group-vii/geography-100-marks/#post-55 Mon, 15 Sep 2025 16:02:25 +0000 CSS Syllabus — Geography

Total Marks: 100

Part I — Physical Geography

Marks: 50

I. Geomorphology and Landform Development

  • Factors controlling landform development
  • Endogenetic and exogenetic forces
  • Origin and evolution of the Earth’s crust
  • Physical conditions of the Earth’s interior
  • Geosynclines
  • Continental drift
  • Isostasy
  • Sea-floor spreading
  • Plate tectonics
  • Mountain building
  • Volcanicity
  • Earthquakes
  • Concepts of geomorphic cycles
  • Landforms associated with:
    • Fluvial cycles
    • Arid cycles
    • Glacial cycles
    • Coastal cycles
    • Karst cycles
  • Groundwater

II. Climatology

  • Elements and factors of climate
  • Structure and composition of the atmosphere
  • Insolation
  • Temperature
  • Pressure belts of the world
  • Heat budget of the Earth
  • Atmospheric circulation:
    • Planetary winds
    • Monsoon winds
    • Local winds
  • Air masses and fronts
  • Hydrological cycle
  • Types of condensation and precipitation
  • Factors affecting the global distribution of precipitation

III. Oceanography

  • Origin of oceans and seas
  • Characteristic features of ocean basins
  • Temperature and salinity distribution:
    • Causes
    • Effects
  • Ocean-floor deposits:
    • Characteristics
    • Classification
  • Ocean circulation
  • Waves
  • Ocean currents
  • Tides:
    • Nature
    • Causes
    • Effects

IV. Environmental Geography

  • Factors of climate and environmental change
  • Transformation of nature by humans
  • Environmental degradation and conservation
  • Nature and types of pollution
  • Problems caused by pollution
  • Global warming
  • Global environmental patterns
  • Environmental hazards and risk management

Part II — Human Geography

Marks: 50

V. Cultural and Development Geography

  • Origin and diffusion of culture
  • Geographical patterns of culture
  • Classification of languages
  • World distribution of languages
  • Indo-European languages
  • Origins of religions
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Global distribution of religions
  • Regional conflicts
  • Ethnicities and nationalities
  • Ethnic conflicts
  • Ethnic diversity in the world
  • Factors responsible for ethnic cleansing
  • Ethnic cleansing in the world
  • Development indicators
  • Economic indicators
  • Social indicators
  • Health indicators
  • Development through trade
  • Impacts of development indicators

VI. Agricultural, Industrial and Resource Geography

  • Factors affecting agriculture
  • Subsistence agriculture and population growth
  • Commercial agriculture and market forces
  • Sustainable agriculture
  • Types and distribution of agriculture
  • Factors influencing industrial locations
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial theories
  • Distribution of industries and industrial estates
  • Renewable resources
  • Recycling of resources
  • Sustainable resources

VII. Population, Settlement and Urban Geography

  • Factors of population growth
  • Components of population change
  • Population structure
  • Demographic Transition
  • World distribution of population
  • Overpopulation and underpopulation:
    • Threats
    • Consequences
  • Models of the internal structure of cities
  • World urban patterns
  • Settlement theories
  • Patterns and problems within urban areas

VIII. Political, Tourism and Medical Geography

  • Politics, geography and political geography
  • State as a politico-territorial phenomenon
  • State, nation and nation-state
  • World politics and international relations
  • Geopolitics of uneven development
  • Globalization of capital
  • Geography of tourism and recreation
  • Demand for tourism and recreation
  • Supply of tourism and recreation
  • Impacts of tourism and recreation:
    • Socio-economic impacts
    • Physical and environmental impacts
  • Global patterns in health and diseases
  • Models in medical geography
  • Recent issues and developments

Suggested Readings

S. No. Title Author
1 Discovering Physical Geography, 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Alan F. Arbogast (2011)
2 Introducing Physical Geography. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Alan Strahler (2011)
3 Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 7th ed. London: Clays St. Davis Barry, R. (1998)
4 McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Application, 10th ed. PHI Learning, New Delhi Darrel Hess (2012)
5 Text Book of Population Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi Dr. Martin Ardagh (2013)
6 Atmosphere, Climate and Change. New York: Scientific American Library Graedel, T. (1995)
7 An Introduction to Oceanography Johnson, H. (1996)
8 Economic Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi Philip Emeral (2013)
9 Essentials of Physical Geography, 8th ed. Australia Robert E. Gabler & James F. Petersen (2007)
10 Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Robert W. Christopherson (2009)
11 Tourism Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi Shweta Singh (2013)
12 Elements of Physical Geography. New York: John Wiley Strahler, A. N. (1998)
13 Natural Disaster Management: New Technologies and Opportunities. The Icfai University Press, Agartala Subir Ghosh (2012)
14 Economic Geography, 3rd ed. PHI Learning, New Delhi Truman A. Hartshorn (2010)
15 Environmental Geography: Science, Land Use and Earth System, 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons William M. Marsh (2005)
16 Geography, Regions and Concepts. U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blif, H. J. (1971)
17 Human Geography. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Blij, H. J. (2000)
18 Population Geography. Oxford: Pergamon Press Clarke, J. I. (1965)
19 Human Geography: Culture, Society and Space, 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons De Blij, H. J. (2003)
20 Political Geography: The Spatiality of Politics, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited Dikshit, R. D. (2001)
21 Agricultural Geography: Issues and Applications. New Delhi: Gian Publishing House Dube, R. S. (1987)
22 Human Geography: Landscape of Human Activities, 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education Getis, Fellman (2005)
23 An Introduction to Agricultural Geography. London: Hutchinson Grigg, D. (1984)
24 The Geography of Tourism and Recreation, 1st ed. London: Routledge Hall, C. M. & Page, S. J. (1999)
25 Economic Geography. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs Hartshorne, T. A. & Alexander, J. W. (1988)
26 Geography & Health: A Study in Medical Geography. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation Izhar, F. (2004)
27 Geographies of Global Change. Blackwell Publishers Inc. Johnston, R. J. (1996)
28 Urban Geography. New York: McGraw Hill Kaplan, Wheeler (2009)
29 Human Geography: Place and Region in Global Context, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Knox, Paul L. (2001)
30 Agricultural Geography. London: Longman Newbury, P. A. R. (1999)
31 Contemporary Human Geography. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited Rubenstein, James M. (2010)
32 Tourism Geography, 1st ed. London: Routledge Williams, S. (1998)
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