Muslim Law and Jurisprudence Past Papers - CSS Forum

Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2026

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:21:20 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2026 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, which of the following is ground for dissolution
of marriage?
(A) Imprisonment of husband for two years (B) Non provision of maintenance for one year
(C) Wife dislike for the husband (D) None of these

2. What does Ḥuqūq al-Irtifāq mean?
(A) Personal Rights (B) Public Rights (C) Easement Rights (D) None of these

3. Al-Fiqh al-Akbar was written by:
(A) Imam Malik (B) Imam Shafi (C) Imam Ahmad (D) None of these

4. According to Islamic law, after _______years, a missing person will be considered dead.
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) None of these

5. The presumption of continuity is called:
(A) Istidlal (B) Istishab (C) Istihsan (D) None of these

6. ʿAmal Ahl al-Madīnah is a source of law for which school of thought?
(A) Maliki (B) Hanafi (C) Shafi (D) None of these

7. The age of puberty determined in Shariah is:
(A) By Years (B) By Physical signs (C) By Mufti (D) None of these

8. Which of the following is a reason that prevents a person from inheriting?
(A) Being a child (B) Being a woman (C) Being non-Muslim (D) None of these

9. Kinds of punishment under Islamic law are:
(A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) None of these

10. A Muslim can transfer 1/3 of his property through:
(A) Gift (B) Will (C) Sale (D) None of these

11. Sales of fruits with deferred delivery is called:
(A) Salam (B) Istisna (C) Bayan (D) None of these

12. Custom is also known as:
(A) Haq (B) Wajab (C) Urf (D) None of these

13. The legal opinion or verdict issued by a qualified Islamic scholar is:
(A)Binding (B) Non-Binding (C) Discretion of Court (D) None of these

14. The major type of Ijtihad is:
(A) Istihsan (B) Istidlal (C) Qiyas (D) None of these

15. What is the name of crime slander to a pious woman?
(A) Qazaf (B) Sariqa (C) Had (D) None of these

16. Literally Haq means in Shariah:
(A) Marriage (B) Preemption (C) Saboot (D) None of these

17. Al- Ahliyyah in Islamic law means:
(A) Legal person (B) Legal capacity (C) Corporate Person (D) None of these

18. Wife will get _____________ of shares, if there is no child.
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/8 (D) None of theses

19. What is the effect of a decree of dissolution of marriage passed under the DMMA, 1939?
(A) Immediately dissolution of marriage (B) Dissolution after husband consent
(C) Dissolution after the expiry of Iddat (D) None of these

20. Three Talaq in one session will be considered one according to:
(A) Imam Malik (B) Imam Abu Hnifa (C) Imam Shafi (D) None of these

PART-II

Q. No. 2. Discuss and examine the Islamic prospective on the protection of minority rights,
particularly in the context of the Medina Charter. (20)

Q. No. 3. Trace and evaluate the origin and historical development of Islamic International
Law (Siyar). (20)

Q. No. 4. Is Islamic Banking truly Islamic in practice? Discuss with reference to Islamic
Banking in Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 5. How can Ijmāʿ (consensus) be achieved in the modern world? (20)

Q. No. 6. What is the procedure for divorce under the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance,
1961? Is this procedure in accordance with Islamic principles? Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 7. What qualifications are required for a person to be considered a Mujtahid? Can
the Parliament of Pakistan perform Ijtihād? Explain with reasoning. (20)

Q. No. 8. Critically analyze Muslim Family Law Ordinance, 1961 in the light of Islamic

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2025

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:17:28 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2025 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.
1. Qiyās is based on:
(A) Personal opinions (B) Divine revelation (C) Analogical reasoning (D) Customary practices

2. The term Istiḥsān means:
(A) Consensus (B) Public welfare (C) Juridical preference (D) Agreement

3. Which type of Ijmā' is universally accepted by all Islamic scholars?
(A) Ijmā' al-Ummah (B) Ijmā' al-Ikhtilāf (C) Ijmā' al-Madīnah (D) None of these

4. The principle of 'Urf (custom) becomes binding in Islamic law if it:
(A) Conflicts with the Qur'ān (B) Does not violate Shariah principles
(C) Is based on analogy (D) Is unanimously rejected

5. The doctrine of Sadd al-Dharāi' refers to:
(A) Blocking lawful means to prevent harmful outcomes
(B) Opening legal means to achieve lawful goals (C) Allowing flexibility in legal rulings
(D) Deriving rulings from the Qur'ān

6. Ta'zīr punishments are defined as:
(A) Fixed penalties outlined in the Qur'ān (B) Fines paid by the offender
(C) Retributive penalties for murder (D) Punishments left to the discretion of the judge

7. Which of the following is one of the objectives of the Sharī'ah (Maqāsid al-Sharī'ah)?
(A) Protection of status (B) Protection of lineage
(C) Protection of traditions (D) Protection of politics

8. What type of action is "Mubāḥ" in Islamic law?
(A) Forbidden (B) Obligatory (C) Neutral (permissible) (D) Disliked

9. Which of the following is a Ḥudood crime?
(A) Theft (Sariqa) (B) Bribery (C) Manslaughter (D) Apostasy (Riddah)

10. Drinking alcohol (Shurb al-Khamr) is punishable by:
(A) 100 lashes (B) Discretionary punishment (Ta ' zīr) (C) 80 lashes (D) Imprisonment only

11. Which of the following dissolves a marriage in Islamic law?
(A) Talāq (divorce by the husband) (B) Khula ' (divorce initiated by the wife)
(C) Faskh (judicial annulment) (D) All of these

12. Which of the following is NOT a primary source of Islamic law?
(A) Qur'ān (B) Sunnah (C) Ijmā' (D) Fatwa

13. A valid Islamic contract must meet the following condition:
(A) There must be mutual consent (B) Both parties must be Muslim
(C) It must involve a witness (D) It must include a guarantee

14. Ijārah in Islamic law refers to:
(A) A contract of partnership (B) A lease or hiring contract
(C) A forward sale (D) A donation contract

15. In Islamic law, mutual consent in a contract is invalidated by:
(A) Negotiation of terms (B) Payment of consideration
(C) Written documentation (D) Coercion or compulsion

16. In Islamic law, the right to property is:
(A) Protected from unlawful seizure and theft (B) Guaranteed without restriction
(C) Only applicable to the rich (D) Non-existent

17. What principle is applied when no ruling is found in the Qur'ān or Sunnah?
(A) Istihsān (B) Naskh (C) Ijtihād (D) Fard

18. A Muslim woman can apply for dissolution of marriage if her husband suffers from:
(A) Leprosy (B) Mental illness (C) Chronic illness for 2 years or more (D) All of these

19. In the case of divorce, the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961 mandates that a wife is
entitled to:
(A) A portion of her husband’s property (B) Maintenance for the iddat period
(C) A guaranteed monthly allowance (D) A permanent financial settlement

20. According to the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, the period of iddat (waiting period) for
a woman after divorce is:
(A) 2 months (B) 4 months (C) 3 menstrual cycles or 3 months (D) 1 year

PART-II

Q. No. 2. Explain the primary sources of Islamic law and their significance in contemporary
jurisprudence. (20)

Q. No. 3. Discuss the principles of Islamic banking and insurance. How do they differ from
conventional systems? (20)

Q. No. 4. Explain the concept of 'Nikah' and the essential requirements for a valid Muslim
marriage. (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss the Islamic legal framework surrounding the protection of personal
property and wealth. (20)

Q. No. 6. What is the Islamic perspective on trade and commerce? How does Islamic law
regulate business practices? (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the rights and responsibilities of spouses under Islamic family law. (20)

Q. No. 8. What is the concept of 'Tawbah' (repentance) in Islamic law? How does it relate to
the forgiveness of crimes?

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2024

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:13:09 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2024 FOR RECRUITMENT
TO POSTS IN BS-17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-I (MCQs)(COMPULSORY)

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet.(20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. “Couples are made in heaven” is a quotation of:
(A) Qur'an (B) Ḥadīth (C) Al- Hidāya (D) None of these

2. What is the effect of Elā?
(A) Ṭalāq-e-Bāin. (B) Ṭalāq-e-Mughallaẓa (C) Ṭalāq-e-Raj‘ī. (D) None of these

3. What is the effect of Zihar?
(A) Ṭalāq-e-Bāin. (B) Ṭalāq-e-Mughallaẓa (C) Ṭalāq-e-Raj‘ī. (D) None of these

4. Term “Khabar Wāḥid” is used for Ḥadīth:
(A) Which is narrated by single narrator (B) In which Tauḥīd is stated
(C) Which is Mutawātir (D) Other than Mutawātir

5. According to the Mu'tazila, the Will of Allah Almighty can be traced:
(A) Only by reasoning (Aqal) (B) Based on both revelation (Waḥī) and reasoning (Aqal)
(C) Only by revelation (Waḥī) (D) None of these

6. Authority to appoint an arbitrator in case of dispute between spouses is order of:
(A) Qur'an (B) Hadīth (C) Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 (D) None of these

7. Crime of Ḥadd-i-Zinā is proved by four witnesses and:
(A) Written complaint (B) Confession (C) DNA (D) None of these

8. A fired at his enemy with the intention of murder, which accidentally hit someone else and killed him.
A is liable to punishment for:
(A) Qatl-i-‘Amad (B) Qatl-i-Khaṭā (C) Qatl Shibh-i-‘Amad (D) None of these

9. It is reported that in Karachi a married person committed Zinā with 49 buried women, married person
is liable to punishment of:
(A) Rajam (B) Drop from a height (C) 100 lashes (Kwṟey ) (D) None of these

10. A guest steals gold from his host's house worth more than the standard amount of theft; the guest is
liable to punishment of:
(A) Cutting Right Hand (B) Cutting Left Hand (C) Cutting Both Hands (D) None of these

11. Number of Witnesses Required for execution of Ḥadd-i-Qadhf:
(A) One (B) Four (C)Six (D) None of these

12. What is meant by Ribā al-Nasiyah?
(A) Ribā al-Qurān (B) Ribā al-Sunnah (C) Ribā al-Faḍl (D) None of these

13. Agreed upon among all jurists, prohibited women for marriage (Mawān‘e Mu'abbada) are:
(A) Three (B) Five (C) Nine (D) None of these

14. Necessary elements for Nikāḥ-i-Misyār are:
(A) Dowery (B) Offer and acceptance (C) Two Witnesses (D) All of these

15. Missing element in Nikāḥ-i-Shighār is:
(A) Dowery (B) Offer and acceptance (C) Two Witnesses (D) None of these

16. The majority of jurists consider that Khul'a is:
(A) Ṭalāq-e-Bāin. (B) Faskh-i-Nikāḥ (C) Ṭalāq-e-Raj‘i. (D) All of these

17. ‘Iddat of A woman who does not menstruate, due to any factor is:
(A) Three months (B) Three periods (C) Four months and ten days. (D) None of these

18. Agreed upon legal sources of Shariah among all jurists are:
(A) Two (B) Four (C) Nine (D) None of these

19. The term “Ḥākim” (Ruler) is refer to:
(A) Allah Ta'ala, (B) The Chief Justice (C) The head of the state (D) None of these

20. After forgiveness of Qiṣaṣ, Punishment of Diyat is:
(A) Substantive (Aṣli) (B) Alternate (Badli) (C) Subsidiary (Tab‘i) (D) None of these

PART-II

Q. No. 2. Explain the difference between ‘Illat and Ḥikmat in the context of Qiyās (analogy)
and write down the conditions of Aṣal and ‘Illat. (20)

Q. No. 3. Write down the difference between Khul‘a and dissolution of marriage in the
perspective of Shari'a and conventional law. (20)

Q. No. 4. Review the implementation of fundamental human rights in the context of Islam
and International Humanitarian Law (IHL). (20)

Q. No. 5. Explain the concept of Ijtihad by Allama Iqbal and the role of contemporary
institutions engaged in this regard. (20)

Q. No. 6. Write down “Contract Writing Standards” in the context of Conventional and
Islamic law. (20)

Q. No. 7. Write down the conditions of acceptance of Khabar Wāḥid. Give the opinion of
Aḥnāf and Mālikiya. (20)

Q. No. 8. Explain the meaning of Dalalat-un-Nas and their contemporary arguments.

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2023

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:08:47 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2023
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE

PART – II

Q. No. 2. The Quran provides Legal validity to other Primary Sources; when a Principle is laid
down in the Quran, the rest of the Sources of Islamic Law cease to be effective.
Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 3. 3Discuss and explain the importance of the Sunnah as a Source of Islamic law. Also
discuss the difference between Sunnah and Hadith. (20)

Q. No. 4. Define Qiyas (Analogy). How does the jurist use it to extend the law
from the texts? What is the difference between Qiyas and Istihsan? (20)

Q. No. 5. Ijtehad is a necessity where there is no solution of a certain issue in the first two
sources of Islamic law. Explain the qualifications of a Mujtahid. (20)

Q. No. 6. What are the objects of punishment in Islam? Also elaborate the different kinds of
punishment in Islamic law. (20)

Q. No. 7. Explain the idea of State sovereignty in Islam. What are the qualifications for the
head of State under Islamic Law? (20)

Q. No. 8. (a) What is your take on the current judgment by Federal Shariah Court of Pakistan
on Riba? (10)
(b) What are the measures which can be taken to showcase the full potential of
Islamic finance in Pakistan?

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2022

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:06:04 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2022
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE

PART – II

Q. No. 2. Discuss whether the laws revealed previously to the promulgation of Islam are binding
on the Muslims or not? (20)

Q. No. 3. How crimes can be classified in Islamic criminal law on the basis of right effected?
Elaborate your answer in the light of classical Muslim jurists. (20)

Q. No. 4. What is meant by a fāsīd (irregular) marriage? What are the legal effects of such
marriage? How an irregular marriage can be validated? (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss those circumstances which impair legal capacity of a person and prevent him
from concluding contacts and making disposition in his property. (20)

Q. No. 6. What is meant by Diminishing Mushārakha? Discuss how the contemporary Islamic
banks use such type of transaction for house financing? (20)

Q. No. 7. What is meant by ikrāh in Islamic law? Explain that how ikrāh effects a free will?
What are the various opinions of the Muslim jurists regarding the effect of ikrāh on a
free will? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on any TWO of the following: (10 marks each)
(a) The conditions of obligation(taklīf).
(b) Legal capacity
(c) Kinds of capacity for acquisition

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2020

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 12:03:02 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION-2020
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART – II

Q. No. 2. Explain naskh (abrogation) in the light of the definitions of classic Muslim jurists. Also
describe its role in the texts of Islamic Shariʿah. (20)

Q. No. 3. What is the Hanafi-Shafiīʿ controversy over the doctrine of Istiḥsān (juristic
preference)? Discuss its main points. (20)

Q. No. 4. What is meant by “missing person” in the law of inheritance? What would be the effect
on the distribution of estate of a praepositus when one or more of his heirs are missing
person? (20)

Q. No. 5. Define gharar. It is said that insurance is a modern contract of gharar and is
incompatible with the injunctions of Islamic law. Argue. (20)

Q. No. 6. A group of modern scholars asserts that Islamic law imposes on divorcing husband to
pay maintenance to the divorced wife for the rest of her life or until she marries
someone else. What is your opinion with sound arguments? (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the Islamic view on imprisonment as a form of punishment. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on any TWO of the following topics:
(a) Nushūz
(b) Mahr al-Mith’l (Proper dower)
(c) Iḍtirār (necessity) in Islamic law

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2019

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:59:48 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION - 2019
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART ̶ II

Q. No. 2. Does Islam allow privatization of law? Discuss in the light of Blasphemy laws of
Pakistan.

Q. No. 3. (a) What are the rational sources of Islamic law? (7)
(b) What are the elements of Qiyas? (7)
(c) Explain Qiyas with the help of an example. (6)

Q. No. 4. Explain the procedure of Talaq-e-Ahsan and Talaq-e-Hassan.

Q. No. 5. Discuss origin and development of Islamic law of International relations?

Q. No. 6. Differentiate between following terms/concepts: (5 each)
(a) Fiqh and Shariah
(b) Ijtihad and Taqleed
(c) Wajib and Fard
(d) Hukm-e-taklifi and Hukum-e-wadi

Q. No. 7. Discuss the relationship between Maqasid-e-Shariah and Human Rights.

Q. No. 8. Discuss any two of the following transactions: (10 each)
(a) Mudarba
(b) Murabaha
(c) Ijara

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2017

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:55:14 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION - 2017
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-II

Q. No. 2. Give your peer analysis about the approaches of Al-Ghazālī and Al-Shāṭibī on the
doctrine of maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah. Explore the primary and secondary purposes of this
doctrine and discuss whether maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah are definite in number as determined
by the earlier jurists or they may be increased. (20)

Q. No. 3. Muslim jurists classified offences on the basis of right. Why was there need of this
classification? What important consequences flow from it and what will be the result if
this classification is changed? (20)

Q. No. 4. Define ʻAqd’ according to Muslim jurists. Which are the circumstances that affect the
legal capacity of the parties to execute a contract under Islamic Sharīʻah? (20)

Q. No. 5. Discuss critically the admissibility of inserting stipulations in a marriage contract by
the parties. Your answer should be based on the debates of classical Muslim jurists and
modern scholars. Your own opinion is also required. (20)

Q. No. 6. Imām Shāfiʻī studied deeply the principles of Ḥanafī school of law. He disagreed with
some views of Ḥanafī jurists and established his own independent school. What were
his differences with Ḥanafīs and what did he contribute in modification of Islamic law
and jurisprudence? (20)

Q. No. 7. The four Sunni canonical schools hold Ijmāʻ to be a valid source of law. But it is said
that “there is no workable machinery for the selection of qualified jurists to take part in
Ijmāʻ and for establishing their deliberations in an authoritative form”. Discuss and
give arguments for and against this opinion. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following topics: (5 marks each)
(A) Analysis of the terminology Uṣūl al-fiqh
(B) Status of mutawatir tradition
(C) Ṭalāq rajʻī and its rules
(D) Section 4 of Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2016

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:49:59 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION - 2016
FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-II

Q. No. 2. Is the Qur’an a code of Islamic law? Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 3. What are conditions for exercising universal ijtihad? Discuss the role of ijtihad today. (20)

Q. No. 4. Discuss the natural causes of defective legal capacity in Islamic law. (20)

Q. No. 5. ‘Islamic criminal law appears to be harsh, but a closer look reveals that in practice the
most severe punishments are hardly ever applied.’ Discuss. (20)

Q. No. 6. Explain and critically evaluate the main restrictions imposed in Islamic law on the
freedom of contract. (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the extent to which a normal marriage contract can be varied to benefit women
under Islamic law. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on the following: (5 each)
(a) Triple talaq in one sitting
(b) Remedies available to a Muslim women under the DMMA 1939
(c) Dower
(d) Share of the grandchild under the MFLO 1961

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Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 2015

zarnishayat — Tue, 25 Aug 2026 11:45:50 +0000

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BS-17
UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2015

MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

PART-II

Q.1. It was during the reign of Abbasides that four Sunni Schools of Law were founded. (20)
Discuss how codification of laws was carried out by Abu Hanifa and his disciples.

Q.2. Recent changes in the law of succession …. All point in the same direction and have
been inspired by the same social purpose – namely, the strengthening of the rights of
succession of those relatives who form the nucleus as opposed to the tribal family’.
Discuss the statement with reference to the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961.

Q.3. Discuss the different principles which govern the question whether a child still unborn (20)
when a praepositus or testator dies, is entitled to succeed or to take a bequest. Explain
how, and in what precise circumstances, these various principles are respectively
applied.

Q.4. In what circumstances, according to the different schools of traditional Shari’a Law, (20)
does homicide constitute an impediment to inheritance? Explain in detail.

Q.5. “Under Islamic Law the punishments of Hadd, Ta’zir and Qisas are linked to the (20)
rights of God and rights of men respectively”. Explain the legal consequences
emanating from these rights.

Q.6. Consider the purpose, the significance of the effect, according to the various schools (20)
of traditional Islamic Jurisprudence, of the maxim: ‘No bequest in favour of a legal
heir’.

Q.7. Write notes on the following: (5 each) (20)
(A) Musha
(B) Areeat
(C) Sadqah
(D) Estoppel

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