Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Sociology differs from social philosophy primarily because it:
(A) Relies on normative judgments (B) Focuses exclusively on social reform
(C) Employs systematic and empirical methods to study social reality (D) None of these

2. Which of the following best explains why culture is considered “superorganic”?
(A) It is biologically inherited (B) It is genetically transmitted
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

3. Durkheim’s concept of anomie is most accurately associated with:
(A) Excessive social integration (B) Normlessness resulting from weakened collective conscience
(C) Class exploitation (D) None of these

4. Which feature distinguishes society from a mere social aggregate?
(A) Physical proximity (B) Temporary interaction
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

5. Informal social control is most effective when:
(A) Cultural norms are widely internalized (B) Legal sanctions are weak
(C) Authority is centralized (D) None of these

6. From a functionalist perspective, education primarily serves to:
(A) Reproduce class inequality (B) Transmit culture and allocate social roles
(C) Challenge dominant ideology (D) None of these

7. In Marxist analysis, the “base” of society consists of:
(A) Political and legal institutions (B) Cultural norms and values
(C) Forces and relations of production (D) None of these

8. Grounded theory is distinct because it:
(A) Tests existing hypotheses (B) Prioritizes statistical analysis
(C) Develops theory inductively from empirical data (D) None of these

9. Feminist sociology critiques mainstream sociology primarily for its:
(A) Lack of scientific method (B) Gender blindness and male-centered analysis
(C) Overemphasis on qualitative research (D) None of these

10. Participant observation is particularly useful when studying:
(A) Hidden or marginalized social groups (B) Quantifiable variables
(C) Large populations (D) None of these

11. Punishments and fines represent:
(A) Informal control (B) Formal control (C) Internal control (D) None of these

12. Full absorption of host culture is:
(A) Assimilation (B) Diffusion (C) Enculturation (D) None of these

13. Society as a living organism was proposed by:
(A) Spencer (B) Parsons (C) Marx (D) None of these

14. Gender inequality in Pakistan is best analyzed sociologically through:
(A) Biological determinism (B) Cultural relativism alone
(C) Patriarchal social structures and power relations (D) None of these

15. A hypothesis is:
(A) Proven fact (B) Theoretical framework (C) Research design (D) None of these

16. ____________ is not a form of social stratification:
(A) Class (B) Caste (C) Gender (D) None of these

17. In participant observation, the researcher:
(A) Reads documents only (B) Becomes part of group (C) Uses lab experiments (D) None of these

18. Suicide study based on statistics was by:
(A) Weber (B) Durkheim (C) Marx (D) None of these

 

19. Equal chance selection is called:
(A) Convenience sampling (B) Snowball sampling
(C) Random sampling (D) None of these

20. Rural–urban convergence means:
(A) Cities becoming rural (B) Rural and urban lifestyles becoming similar
(C) End of villages (D) None of these

Q. No. 2. Critically analyze the emergence and development of Sociology emphasizing the
transformative role of the Industrial and French Revolutions. Evaluate how these
historical contexts influenced the scientific study of society and the formation of key
sociological perspectives. (20)

Q. No. 3. Evaluate culture as a system of meanings embedded in social power structures.
Discuss the elements of culture and assess how cultural lag and cultural relativism
simultaneously facilitate social adaptation and generate moral conflicts in
contemporary societies. (20)

Q. No. 4. Analyze the transformation of Pakistani society from a traditional agrarian structure
to a semi-industrial and post-industrial model. Highlight contradictions and structural
challenges. (20)

Q. No. 5. Explain the role of family and education as agents of social control in Pakistan. How
have globalization and digital media altered their traditional functions? (20)

Q. No. 6. Examine deviance and crime using classical and contemporary sociological theories
such as Durkheim’s Anomie, Merton’s Strain Theory, and Labeling Theory.
Critically evaluate the effectiveness of formal and informal social control
mechanisms in regulating deviant behavior, considering applied contexts like
cybercrime, youth delinquency, and social inequality. (20)

Q. No. 7. Define collective behavior and public opinion, and critically assess their dynamics in
modern societies. Discuss how phenomena such as crowds, mobs, rumors, social
movements, and mass media shape public perception and social action (20)

Q. No. 8. Discuss the major factors driving social and cultural change, including technological,
demographic, educational, and economic forces. Critically analyze how globalization
has transformed cultural practices, social norms, and identities in Pakistan, with
applied examples.

 

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. What is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the values, norms, and behaviors of their
culture?
(A) Assimilation (B) Amalgamation (C) Socialization (D) Institutionalization

2. What type of norm has great moral significance and is often codified in law?
(A) Folkways (B) Mores (C) Taboos (D) Customs

3. The concept of "cultural lag" was introduced by:
(A) C. Wright Mills (B) William F. Ogburn (C) Robert K. Merton (D) Herbert Blumer

4. In "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," Weber argues that modern capitalism arose
because of:
(A) Rationalization (B) Ascetic Protestantism (C) Materialism (D) Industrial Revolution

5. "Base and Superstructure" is a key idea in:
(A) Functionalism (B) Symbolic interactionism (C) Marxism (D) Rational choice theory

6. Which concept by Durkheim refers to a state where social norms are unclear or breakdown?
(A) Anomie (B) Mechanical solidarity (C) Organic solidarity (D) Social fact

7. Herbert Spencer's theory of "Social Darwinism" is based on:
(A) Survival of the fittest (B) Class struggle (C) Social solidarity (D) Rationalization

8. Robert K. Merton introduced the concept of:
(A) Social fact (B) Manifest and latent functions (C) Rationalization (D) Social stratification

9. Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "habitus" refers to:
(A) Cultural capital (B) Social capital (C) Dispositions shaped by social structures (D) Class conflict

10. Which sociologist introduced the concept of "Power Elite"?
(A) Max Weber (B) Robert K. Merton (C) C. Wright Mills (D) Pierre Bourdieu

11. According to Durkheim, which type of suicide occurs when social regulation is excessive?
(A) Altruistic (B) Egoistic (C) Fatalistic (D) Anomic

12. The concept of "hegemonic masculinity" was developed to:
(A) Explain the dominance of capitalist ideology (B) Examine gender inequality in patriarchal systems
(C) Study power relations among different masculinities (D) Critique functionalist views of gender roles

13. According to Parsons, the "pattern variables" represent choices individuals make between
conflicting sets of values. Which of the following is NOT a pattern variable?
(A) Universalism vs. Particularism (B) Achievement vs. Ascription
(C) Rationalism vs. Emotionalism (D) Specificity vs. Diffuseness

14. Which of the following best describes Michel Foucault’s concept of "biopower"?
(A) The control of populations through discipline and surveillance
(B) The influence of culture on biological traits
(C) The democratization of knowledge and power
(D) The biological basis of human behavior

15. Immanuel Wallerstein's "World-Systems Theory" divides the world into:
(A) Classes, states, and empires (B) Core, semi-periphery, and periphery
(C) Developed, underdeveloped, and developing nations (D) Capitalist, feudal, and socialist systems

 

16. The Frankfurt School's concept of the "culture industry" critiques:
(A) The commodification of culture under capitalism (B) The production of elite art forms
(C) The democratization of culture (D) The decentralization of power in media

17. Which sociologist used the term "middle-range theories" to describe theories that bridge empirical
research and grand theories?
(A) Talcott Parsons (B) Max Weber (C) Robert K. Merton (D) C. Wright Mills

18. Who introduced the concept of "double hermeneutics" in sociology?
(A) Anthony Giddens (B) Jürgen Habermas (C) Peter Berger (D) Alfred Schutz

19. Postmodernism in sociology primarily critiques:
(A) Traditional grand narratives and universal truths (B) Traditional functionalist frameworks
(C) The application of quantitative methods in social research (D) The overemphasis on individual agency

20. According to Louis Althusser, "ideological state apparatuses" include:
(A) The military and the police (B) Religion, education, and media
(C) The judicial system (D) Bureaucracies and political institutions

 

Q. No. 2. Define social control and explain most significant steps to attain social control in the society. Elaborate the most functional agencies to maintain the social control in the post-industrial societies. (20)

Q. No. 3. Define and differentiate social and cultural change. Discuss the impediments to change with reference to the resistance to change in Pakistani society and culture. (20)

Q. No. 4. Discuss migration as a Social Phenomenon. Explain the push and pull factors of migration. Highlight the impact of brain drain on the economy of Pakistan in last five years. (20)

Q. No. 5. Explain the structure and functions of Pakistani family with practical examples and research based arguments. What do you see the future of Pakistani Family System while keeping in view of the social changes occurring in last decade? (20)

Q. No. 6. Explain the concept of Urbanization, which is rapidly increasing day by day in Pakistan. How can we analyze the two most significant problems associated with this issue? (20)

Q. No. 7. Explain the sociological model developed by Talcott Parson to analyze the functional requirements of a social system. How can it fit in our current society?  (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Qualitative research in sociology
(ii) Deviance and white collar crime in Pakistan

Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Which concept is directly related to the critique of ethnocentrism?
(A) Cultural Relativism (B) Ethical Universalism (C) Cultural Assimilation (D) None of these

2. _______________ emphasizes the idea that cultural differences should be maintained and celebrated
within a society.
(A) Assimilation (B) Acculturation (C) Multiculturalism (D) None of these

3. ____________ is a theoretical phenomenon that transpires when changes or advancements in material
culture take place before (or at a faster rate of progression than) changes in non-material culture.
(A) Cultural Relativism (B) Cultural Lag (C) Cultural Transmission (D) None of these

4. In Max Weber's work, _________________ is the term used to describe the connection between
Protestantism and the rise of capitalism.
(A) Religious Pluralism (B) Rationalization (C) Predestination (D) None of these

5. Which essential social function does the family primarily contribute to by fostering intergenerational
continuity and resource allocation?
(A) Economic Sustainability (B) Political Stability (C) Cultural Preservation (D) None of these

6. In the context of deviance theories, which theoretical perspective posits that individuals engage in deviant
behavior when their social bonds are weakened, leading to a breakdown of social control mechanisms?
(A) Symbolic Interactionism (B) Strain Theory (C) Control Theory (D) None of these

7. Drawing on the concept of anomie, which sociologist introduced the idea that deviance can result from a
disjunction between cultural goals and the legitimate means available to achieve those goals within a
society? (A) Émile Durkheim (B) Robert K. Merton (C) Howard Becker (D) None of these

8. _______________ is commonly used to describe the traditional socio-economic structure in rural
Pakistan, characterized by large landholdings, hereditary landownership, and a power hierarchy that
influences local politics and agricultural practices.
(A) Tribal System (B) Nomadic System (C) Feudal System (D) None of these

9. In the context of domestic violence, _______________ involves a pattern of coercive control, intimidation,
isolation, and physical or sexual violence, aiming to establish power and control within an intimate
relationship.
(A) Emotional Violence (B) Psychological Abuse (C) Physical Assault (D) None of these

10. _______________ is commonly used to describe a form of forced labor where individuals are compelled
to work in servitude to repay a debt, often under exploitative conditions and with little or no control over
their working and living conditions.
(A) Indentured Labor (B) Serfdom (C) Bonded Labor (D) None of these

11. _______________ describes the process by which individuals and groups construct meanings through
their interaction with symbols and each other, as emphasized by symbolic interactionism.
(A) Ethnography (B) Social Constructionism (C) Phenomenology (D) None of these

12. Which sociological perspective, rooted in postmodern thought, challenges the notion of fixed truths and
argues that reality is socially constructed and subjective?
(A) Postmodernism (B) Critical Theory (C) Post Colonialism (D) None of these

13. ________________ asserts that society is characterized by power struggles and social inequalities, viewing
institutions as tools for maintaining the status quo and protecting the interests of the powerful.
(A) Structural Functionalism (B) Postmodernism (C) Critical Theory (D) None of these

14. In the context of Ibn Khaldun's thought, _____________ refers to the cyclical pattern of the rise and fall
of civilizations, influenced by the dynamics of Asabiyyah, Umran, and the stages of social development.
(A) Muqaddimah (B) Ilm al-Umran (C) Tarikh (D) None of these

15. Herbert Spencer, a proponent of Social Darwinism, coined the term "survival of the fittest" to describe
his sociological theory. In this context, what concept did Spencer emphasized as a mechanism for societal
progress and development?
(A) Social Solidarity (B) Social Equilibrium (C) Social Evolution (D) None of these

 

16. _______________ is a sociological research approach that seeks an in-depth understanding of a social
phenomenon through the immersion of the researcher in the natural setting, often using qualitative
methods.
(A) Ethnography (B) Phenomenology (C) Positivism (D) None of these

17. In the context of social research ethics, _______________ describes the principle that participants have
the right to be fully informed about the research before agreeing to participate.
(A) Privacy (B) Informed Consent (C) Confidentiality (D) None of these

18. Which type of research design involves the repeated observation and examination of the same individuals
or groups over an extended period, allowing the researchers to analyze changes and developments over
time?
(A) Cross-Sectional Design (B) Experimental Design (C) Longitudinal Design (D) None of these

19. _______________ describes the philosophical position that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory
experiences and empirical evidence, emphasizing observations and experimentation.
(A) Positivism (B) Constructivism (C) Realism (D) None of these

20. __________________________ in survey research involves dividing the population into subgroups based
on specific characteristics and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup to ensure
proportional representation.
(A) Stratified Random Sampling (B) Convenience Sampling (C) Snowball Sampling (D) None of these

 

Q. No. 2. Discuss the intricate relationship between culture and socialization, highlighting key
mechanisms through which the cultural elements are internalized by the individuals in a society. Give examples to illustrate your answer. (20)

Q. No. 3. “The individuals are the limbs of the society and behave as the cells of the body”. Discuss this statement with the help of organismic theory in sociology. Explain how this theory helps in addressing the profound question of relationship between individual and society? (20)

Q. No. 4. Applying functionalist perspective, discuss the interdependence of social institutions and their role in maintaining social equilibrium in society. Give examples from Pakistani society to elaborate your answer. (20)

Q. No. 5. What is social control? How do social control mechanisms help to maintain social order and create a harmonized society? What are the consequences of labeling an individual as deviant through the social control mechanisms? (20)

Q. No. 6. Discuss ‘verstehen’ in the context of interpretive approach in social sciences. How the concept of verstehen shaped Max Weber's understanding to gain knowledge about society and the social actors? (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the key components of research design in quantitative research, including research questions and hypothesis, variables, theoretical framework, sampling, data collection methods and tools, and data analysis techniques. How do these elements contribute towards conducting a well-organized quantitative research study? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Survey research
(ii) Postmodern society

Q. No. 2. Education is an important social institution. How conflict and functionalist
perspectives view education as institutionalized activity? Which of these approaches can best describe the system of education in Pakistan and how? (20)

Q. No. 3. Explain G. H. Mead’s Concepts of Mind, Self and Society along with the basic  principles of Symbolic Interactionism. (20)

Q. No. 4. What is ontology, epistemology, methodology? Is there any difference between method and methodology? What is the role of ontology and epistemology in social research? (20)

Q. No. 5. How do time-series, panel, and cohort studies differ? What are some potential
problems with cost-benefit analysis? (20)

Q. No. 6. Discuss in detail the theory of justice and Plato’s theory of forms and allegory of the
cave. (20)

Q. No. 7. What is meant by society? Discuss its types in detail. Also define culture and what is
the difference between material and non-material in a society culture? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Conversation Analysis
(ii) Volcano of civilization

Q. No. 2. Deviant Behaviour is the result of ineffective social control. Comment on the flaws
existing in the formal and informal mechanisms of social control with examples and add that how these mechanisms can be improved. (20)

Q. No. 3. Since inception of Pakistan as an independent country, numerous education policies have been developed but have not stood productive towards ensuring hundred percent enrolment. Describe the systemic flaws and other restraining forces behind it.(20)

Q. No. 4. Compare Ibn-e-Khaldun’s Asabiya and Durkheim’s social solidarity on the basis of
consonance and dissonance in the major premises of their theories. (20)

Q. No. 5. Social issues are investigated through quantitative and qualitative modes of inquiry in
variable situations. Explain the different situations with examples, reflecting proper application of the two methods. (20)

Q. No. 6. How can sexually abused children be reintegrated into society? Highlight the role of
formal and informal agents/organizations in the socio-cultural landscape of Pakistan. (20)

Q. No. 7. Max Weber and Talcott Parsons have theorized social action from their variable perspectives. Highlight the contributions of both thinkers and also locate the divergence in their standpoints. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Social functions of religion
(ii) Cultural Relativism

Q. No. 2. Differentiate between social change and social structural changes. Discuss three key
areas which need immediate attention of policy makers. (20)

Q. No. 3. Durkheim emphasized on the functional aspects of religion. However, we observe
many instances of religious extremism in Pakistani society. Shed some light on the phenomenon. (20)

Q. No. 4. Do you think Karl Marx’s capitalist perspective is applicable to today’s world?
Elaborate your answer by giving arguments. (20)

Q. No. 5. Max Weber used the term Verstehen for better understanding of social actions. Explain
the significance of the concept by discussing two examples from social life. (20)

Q. No. 6. How can moral degeneration be scientifically studied? Delineate the entire research
process for studying this phenomenon. (20)

Q. No. 7. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative way of studying any social
phenomenon. Elaborate by giving an example of each approach and how that can be inquired?(20)

Q. No. 8. Write Notes on the following:- (10 each)
(a) Types of society
(b) Caste and Class Dynamics in Pakistan

Q. No. 2. There is continuous struggle between material and non-material cultures. In thisprocess the non-material culture lag behind the material culture and create culture lag. As a sociologist give your opinion how to fill the gap. (20)

Q. No. 3. ‘Suicide varies inversely with the degree of integration of the social group of which the individuals forms a part’. In the light of this statement, discuss Emile Durkheim theory of egoistic, altruistic, anomic and fatalistic suicide. (20)

Q. No. 4. How culture ethnocentrism promotes social change and maintain social order.
Comment? (20)

Q. No. 5. Auguste Comte gives three evolutionary dimensions of society; Theologian,
metaphysic and positivistic. Explain each step with cogent examples. (20)

Q. No. 6. Discuss in detail that how unique culture ethos are impediments in the way of social
change. Explain in detail the planned social change. (20)

Q. No. 7. Evaluate Karl Marx’s contribution to the concept of Alienation. Discuss different types
of Alienation given by him. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following (10 each)
(a) Research proposal on Afghan war syndrome and its impacts on the economy of
Pakistan.
(b) The role of religious leaders in the integration of Pakistani society.

 

 

Q. No. 2. Differentiate between Ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism with examples. Which one and
how is important in damaging the peace and development situation in Karachi? Discuss
with logic and evidence on the Issue. (20)

Q. No. 3. Make a comparative and analytical discussion on the Social Contract Theory and the
Organismic Theory while developing your thesis with a logical conclusion. (20)

Q. No. 4. How do you see the future of Pakistani society resulting from the effect of Industrialization, Modernization, Urbanization and Modern means of communication upon social change processes? Discuss with examples. (20)

Q. No. 5. How do you see the future of major cities in Pakistan? Discussing by focusing on the issues of water and foods security and the situation of terrorism and extremism with examples and data. (20)

Q. No. 6. Discuss the structure and functions of Pakistani family with examples, keeping in view the changes occurring. How do you see the future of Pakistani Family System? Make a research based argument. (20)

Q. No. 7. Ibn-e-Khaldun but not August Comte is the founder of Sociology? Make your argument in favour or against this thought with logic and examples from the historical development of sociology. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write short notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Research process in sociology
(ii) Deviance and street crime in Pakistan

 

Q. No. 2. How evolutionary theories of sociology provide a stimulating gesture to transform societies? Compare and contrast the classical and neo-classical school of thoughts for understanding phenomenon of social change. (20)

Q. No. 3. What are core elements which lead to develop rigorous research design in social
research? (20)

Q. No. 4. Discuss in brief the socio-cultural factors that may enhance and retard the
process of social and cultural change in societies. (20)

Q. No. 5. Marx and Weber theorized that modern society alienated people. How do their
approaches contrast each other and how their concepts of alienation can be compared with Durkheim’s concept of anomie? (20)

Q. No. 6. What key characteristics distinguish capitalism from socialism? Compare these two systems in terms of productivity, economic inequality and personal freedom. (20)

Q. No. 7. What is the role of culture in socialization of an individual to become a useful member of a society? Discuss what cultural patterns help to explain this phenomenon. (20)

Q. No. 8. Write note on the following. (10 each)
(a) Political economy of globalization
(b) Regional migration