Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Which concept is directly related to the critique of ethnocentrism?
(A) Cultural Relativism (B) Ethical Universalism (C) Cultural Assimilation (D) None of these

2. _______________ emphasizes the idea that cultural differences should be maintained and celebrated
within a society.
(A) Assimilation (B) Acculturation (C) Multiculturalism (D) None of these

3. ____________ is a theoretical phenomenon that transpires when changes or advancements in material
culture take place before (or at a faster rate of progression than) changes in non-material culture.
(A) Cultural Relativism (B) Cultural Lag (C) Cultural Transmission (D) None of these

4. In Max Weber's work, _________________ is the term used to describe the connection between
Protestantism and the rise of capitalism.
(A) Religious Pluralism (B) Rationalization (C) Predestination (D) None of these

5. Which essential social function does the family primarily contribute to by fostering intergenerational
continuity and resource allocation?
(A) Economic Sustainability (B) Political Stability (C) Cultural Preservation (D) None of these

6. In the context of deviance theories, which theoretical perspective posits that individuals engage in deviant
behavior when their social bonds are weakened, leading to a breakdown of social control mechanisms?
(A) Symbolic Interactionism (B) Strain Theory (C) Control Theory (D) None of these

7. Drawing on the concept of anomie, which sociologist introduced the idea that deviance can result from a
disjunction between cultural goals and the legitimate means available to achieve those goals within a
society? (A) Émile Durkheim (B) Robert K. Merton (C) Howard Becker (D) None of these

8. _______________ is commonly used to describe the traditional socio-economic structure in rural
Pakistan, characterized by large landholdings, hereditary landownership, and a power hierarchy that
influences local politics and agricultural practices.
(A) Tribal System (B) Nomadic System (C) Feudal System (D) None of these

9. In the context of domestic violence, _______________ involves a pattern of coercive control, intimidation,
isolation, and physical or sexual violence, aiming to establish power and control within an intimate
relationship.
(A) Emotional Violence (B) Psychological Abuse (C) Physical Assault (D) None of these

10. _______________ is commonly used to describe a form of forced labor where individuals are compelled
to work in servitude to repay a debt, often under exploitative conditions and with little or no control over
their working and living conditions.
(A) Indentured Labor (B) Serfdom (C) Bonded Labor (D) None of these

11. _______________ describes the process by which individuals and groups construct meanings through
their interaction with symbols and each other, as emphasized by symbolic interactionism.
(A) Ethnography (B) Social Constructionism (C) Phenomenology (D) None of these

12. Which sociological perspective, rooted in postmodern thought, challenges the notion of fixed truths and
argues that reality is socially constructed and subjective?
(A) Postmodernism (B) Critical Theory (C) Post Colonialism (D) None of these

13. ________________ asserts that society is characterized by power struggles and social inequalities, viewing
institutions as tools for maintaining the status quo and protecting the interests of the powerful.
(A) Structural Functionalism (B) Postmodernism (C) Critical Theory (D) None of these

14. In the context of Ibn Khaldun's thought, _____________ refers to the cyclical pattern of the rise and fall
of civilizations, influenced by the dynamics of Asabiyyah, Umran, and the stages of social development.
(A) Muqaddimah (B) Ilm al-Umran (C) Tarikh (D) None of these

15. Herbert Spencer, a proponent of Social Darwinism, coined the term "survival of the fittest" to describe
his sociological theory. In this context, what concept did Spencer emphasized as a mechanism for societal
progress and development?
(A) Social Solidarity (B) Social Equilibrium (C) Social Evolution (D) None of these

 

16. _______________ is a sociological research approach that seeks an in-depth understanding of a social
phenomenon through the immersion of the researcher in the natural setting, often using qualitative
methods.
(A) Ethnography (B) Phenomenology (C) Positivism (D) None of these

17. In the context of social research ethics, _______________ describes the principle that participants have
the right to be fully informed about the research before agreeing to participate.
(A) Privacy (B) Informed Consent (C) Confidentiality (D) None of these

18. Which type of research design involves the repeated observation and examination of the same individuals
or groups over an extended period, allowing the researchers to analyze changes and developments over
time?
(A) Cross-Sectional Design (B) Experimental Design (C) Longitudinal Design (D) None of these

19. _______________ describes the philosophical position that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory
experiences and empirical evidence, emphasizing observations and experimentation.
(A) Positivism (B) Constructivism (C) Realism (D) None of these

20. __________________________ in survey research involves dividing the population into subgroups based
on specific characteristics and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup to ensure
proportional representation.
(A) Stratified Random Sampling (B) Convenience Sampling (C) Snowball Sampling (D) None of these

 

Q. No. 2. Discuss the intricate relationship between culture and socialization, highlighting key
mechanisms through which the cultural elements are internalized by the individuals in a society. Give examples to illustrate your answer. (20)

Q. No. 3. “The individuals are the limbs of the society and behave as the cells of the body”. Discuss this statement with the help of organismic theory in sociology. Explain how this theory helps in addressing the profound question of relationship between individual and society? (20)

Q. No. 4. Applying functionalist perspective, discuss the interdependence of social institutions and their role in maintaining social equilibrium in society. Give examples from Pakistani society to elaborate your answer. (20)

Q. No. 5. What is social control? How do social control mechanisms help to maintain social order and create a harmonized society? What are the consequences of labeling an individual as deviant through the social control mechanisms? (20)

Q. No. 6. Discuss ‘verstehen’ in the context of interpretive approach in social sciences. How the concept of verstehen shaped Max Weber's understanding to gain knowledge about society and the social actors? (20)

Q. No. 7. Discuss the key components of research design in quantitative research, including research questions and hypothesis, variables, theoretical framework, sampling, data collection methods and tools, and data analysis techniques. How do these elements contribute towards conducting a well-organized quantitative research study? (20)

Q. No. 8. Write notes on the following: (10 each)
(i) Survey research
(ii) Postmodern society