Q.1. (i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20x1=20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. Sociology differs from social philosophy primarily because it:
(A) Relies on normative judgments (B) Focuses exclusively on social reform
(C) Employs systematic and empirical methods to study social reality (D) None of these

2. Which of the following best explains why culture is considered “superorganic”?
(A) It is biologically inherited (B) It is genetically transmitted
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

3. Durkheim’s concept of anomie is most accurately associated with:
(A) Excessive social integration (B) Normlessness resulting from weakened collective conscience
(C) Class exploitation (D) None of these

4. Which feature distinguishes society from a mere social aggregate?
(A) Physical proximity (B) Temporary interaction
(C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these

5. Informal social control is most effective when:
(A) Cultural norms are widely internalized (B) Legal sanctions are weak
(C) Authority is centralized (D) None of these

6. From a functionalist perspective, education primarily serves to:
(A) Reproduce class inequality (B) Transmit culture and allocate social roles
(C) Challenge dominant ideology (D) None of these

7. In Marxist analysis, the “base” of society consists of:
(A) Political and legal institutions (B) Cultural norms and values
(C) Forces and relations of production (D) None of these

8. Grounded theory is distinct because it:
(A) Tests existing hypotheses (B) Prioritizes statistical analysis
(C) Develops theory inductively from empirical data (D) None of these

9. Feminist sociology critiques mainstream sociology primarily for its:
(A) Lack of scientific method (B) Gender blindness and male-centered analysis
(C) Overemphasis on qualitative research (D) None of these

10. Participant observation is particularly useful when studying:
(A) Hidden or marginalized social groups (B) Quantifiable variables
(C) Large populations (D) None of these

11. Punishments and fines represent:
(A) Informal control (B) Formal control (C) Internal control (D) None of these

12. Full absorption of host culture is:
(A) Assimilation (B) Diffusion (C) Enculturation (D) None of these

13. Society as a living organism was proposed by:
(A) Spencer (B) Parsons (C) Marx (D) None of these

14. Gender inequality in Pakistan is best analyzed sociologically through:
(A) Biological determinism (B) Cultural relativism alone
(C) Patriarchal social structures and power relations (D) None of these

15. A hypothesis is:
(A) Proven fact (B) Theoretical framework (C) Research design (D) None of these

16. ____________ is not a form of social stratification:
(A) Class (B) Caste (C) Gender (D) None of these

17. In participant observation, the researcher:
(A) Reads documents only (B) Becomes part of group (C) Uses lab experiments (D) None of these

18. Suicide study based on statistics was by:
(A) Weber (B) Durkheim (C) Marx (D) None of these

 

19. Equal chance selection is called:
(A) Convenience sampling (B) Snowball sampling
(C) Random sampling (D) None of these

20. Rural–urban convergence means:
(A) Cities becoming rural (B) Rural and urban lifestyles becoming similar
(C) End of villages (D) None of these

Q. No. 2. Critically analyze the emergence and development of Sociology emphasizing the
transformative role of the Industrial and French Revolutions. Evaluate how these
historical contexts influenced the scientific study of society and the formation of key
sociological perspectives. (20)

Q. No. 3. Evaluate culture as a system of meanings embedded in social power structures.
Discuss the elements of culture and assess how cultural lag and cultural relativism
simultaneously facilitate social adaptation and generate moral conflicts in
contemporary societies. (20)

Q. No. 4. Analyze the transformation of Pakistani society from a traditional agrarian structure
to a semi-industrial and post-industrial model. Highlight contradictions and structural
challenges. (20)

Q. No. 5. Explain the role of family and education as agents of social control in Pakistan. How
have globalization and digital media altered their traditional functions? (20)

Q. No. 6. Examine deviance and crime using classical and contemporary sociological theories
such as Durkheim’s Anomie, Merton’s Strain Theory, and Labeling Theory.
Critically evaluate the effectiveness of formal and informal social control
mechanisms in regulating deviant behavior, considering applied contexts like
cybercrime, youth delinquency, and social inequality. (20)

Q. No. 7. Define collective behavior and public opinion, and critically assess their dynamics in
modern societies. Discuss how phenomena such as crowds, mobs, rumors, social
movements, and mass media shape public perception and social action (20)

Q. No. 8. Discuss the major factors driving social and cultural change, including technological,
demographic, educational, and economic forces. Critically analyze how globalization
has transformed cultural practices, social norms, and identities in Pakistan, with
applied examples.