PART-I (MCQs) — COMPULSORY

Q.1

(i) Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate Box on the OMR Answer Sheet. (20 × 1 = 20)

(ii) Answers given anywhere else, other than OMR Answer Sheet, will not be considered.

1. The greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is produced due to:

(A) Absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere
(B) Absorption and re-emission of ultra violet radiation by the atmosphere
(C) Absorption and re-emission of visible light by the atmosphere
(D) None of these

2. Acid rain is a result of:

(A) Excess amount of CO₂
(B) Excess amount of NH₃
(C) Excess amount of SO₂ and NO₂
(D) None of these

3. Which EIA amendment introduced post-facto environmental clearance?

(A) 2006
(B) 2008
(C) 2020 draft
(D) None of these

4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is standardized globally under:

(A) ISO 9001
(B) ISO 18001
(C) ISO 26000
(D) None of these

5. Green buildings are assessed using which global standard?

(A) CEPA
(B) LEED
(C) REDD
(D) None of these

6. Cloud bursts are generally associated with:

(A) Slow-moving low-pressure systems
(B) Intense, localized convective storms
(C) Polar vortex
(D) None of these

7. Microplastic pollution in rivers is primarily sourced from:

(A) Urban runoff and wastewater effluents
(B) Mountain rocks
(C) Deep-sea vents
(D) None of these

8. The IPCC’s role in global politics is to:

(A) Regulate energy markets
(B) Provide scientific assessments
(C) Enforce climate treaties
(D) None of these

9. Drainage improvement in waterlogged fields helps by:

(A) Increasing salinity
(B) Lowering water table and restoring aeration
(C) Blocking capillary rise
(D) None of these

10. Climate justice emphasizes:

(A) Free carbon trading
(B) Fair distribution of climate responsibilities
(C) Equal emissions
(D) None of these

11. Shadow pricing in environmental projects is:

(A) Price of a good in the stock market
(B) Imputed value of non-market goods or services
(C) Government-fixed price
(D) None of these

12. Kyoto Protocol mainly addresses:

(A) Biodiversity
(B) GHG emissions reduction
(C) Water pollution
(D) None of these

13. Tropical deforestation contributes to:

(A) CO₂ increase
(B) O₃ layer repair
(C) Soil fertility
(D) None of these

14. Which renewable energy is considered carbon-neutral?

(A) Solar
(B) Coal
(C) Diesel
(D) None of these

15. Adaptive management in environment means:

(A) Fixed strategies
(B) Flexible, learning-based strategies
(C) Ignore monitoring
(D) None of these

16. Which SDG is linked with global food security?

(A) SDG 14
(B) SDG 7
(C) SDG 3
(D) None of these

17. IPCC primarily provides:

(A) Scientific assessments
(B) Enforces treaties
(C) Regulates markets
(D) None of these

18. Global warming potential (GWP) measures:

(A) Solubility in water
(B) Toxicity of a gas
(C) Heat trapping ability of a gas
(D) None of these

19. Climate adaptation strategies include:

(A) Flood-resistant crops
(B) Industrial expansion
(C) Deforestation
(D) None of these

20. Carbon trading is a market mechanism for:

(A) Land ownership
(B) Water rights
(C) Emission permits
(D) None of these

PART-II

NOTE

(i) Part-II is to be attempted on the separate Answer Book.

(ii) Attempt ONLY FOUR questions from PART-II. ALL questions carry EQUAL marks.

(iii) All the parts (if any) of each Question must be attempted at one place instead of at different places.

(iv) Write Q. No. in the Answer Book in accordance with Q. No. in the Q. Paper.

(v) No Page/Space be left blank between the answers. All the blank pages of Answer Book must be crossed.

(vi) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the question will not be considered.

Q. No. 2

Define greenhouse effect. How does it work? Which pollutants cause global warming? Why is Pakistan highly vulnerable despite contributing less than 1% to global GHG emissions?

(20)

Q. No. 3

Discuss important components of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy. What is the impact of 18th Amendment on Climate Change Policy formulation in Pakistan? How can Pakistan benefit from COP28 & COP30?

(20)

Q. No. 4

Discuss the impact of deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable land use on Pakistan’s carbon footprint. How can reforestation and green infrastructure mitigate climate risks?

(20)

Q. No. 5

Assess the role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) & Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) in large-scale energy and infrastructure projects in Pakistan. How can EIAs be strengthened to include climate change risks?

(20)

Q. No. 6

Evaluate the effectiveness of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Pak EPA Regulations 2000 in addressing environmental governance and pollution control?

(20)

Q. No. 7

Discuss how Pakistan can integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with national climate policy. Which SDGs are most closely linked with climate adaptation and mitigation? Why it is considered essential for long-term environmental sustainability?

(20)

Q. No. 8

Write short notes on any TWO of the following: (10 each) (20)

(a) Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000)

(b) Natural Resources Management

(c) United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)