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CSS Syllabus — Geography
Total Marks: 100
Part I — Physical Geography
Marks: 50
I. Geomorphology and Landform Development
- Factors controlling landform development
- Endogenetic and exogenetic forces
- Origin and evolution of the Earth’s crust
- Physical conditions of the Earth’s interior
- Geosynclines
- Continental drift
- Isostasy
- Sea-floor spreading
- Plate tectonics
- Mountain building
- Volcanicity
- Earthquakes
- Concepts of geomorphic cycles
- Landforms associated with:
- Fluvial cycles
- Arid cycles
- Glacial cycles
- Coastal cycles
- Karst cycles
- Groundwater
II. Climatology
- Elements and factors of climate
- Structure and composition of the atmosphere
- Insolation
- Temperature
- Pressure belts of the world
- Heat budget of the Earth
- Atmospheric circulation:
- Planetary winds
- Monsoon winds
- Local winds
- Air masses and fronts
- Hydrological cycle
- Types of condensation and precipitation
- Factors affecting the global distribution of precipitation
III. Oceanography
- Origin of oceans and seas
- Characteristic features of ocean basins
- Temperature and salinity distribution:
- Causes
- Effects
- Ocean-floor deposits:
- Characteristics
- Classification
- Ocean circulation
- Waves
- Ocean currents
- Tides:
- Nature
- Causes
- Effects
IV. Environmental Geography
- Factors of climate and environmental change
- Transformation of nature by humans
- Environmental degradation and conservation
- Nature and types of pollution
- Problems caused by pollution
- Global warming
- Global environmental patterns
- Environmental hazards and risk management
Part II — Human Geography
Marks: 50
V. Cultural and Development Geography
- Origin and diffusion of culture
- Geographical patterns of culture
- Classification of languages
- World distribution of languages
- Indo-European languages
- Origins of religions
- Diffusion of religions
- Global distribution of religions
- Regional conflicts
- Ethnicities and nationalities
- Ethnic conflicts
- Ethnic diversity in the world
- Factors responsible for ethnic cleansing
- Ethnic cleansing in the world
- Development indicators
- Economic indicators
- Social indicators
- Health indicators
- Development through trade
- Impacts of development indicators
VI. Agricultural, Industrial and Resource Geography
- Factors affecting agriculture
- Subsistence agriculture and population growth
- Commercial agriculture and market forces
- Sustainable agriculture
- Types and distribution of agriculture
- Factors influencing industrial locations
- Industrial Revolution
- Industrial theories
- Distribution of industries and industrial estates
- Renewable resources
- Recycling of resources
- Sustainable resources
VII. Population, Settlement and Urban Geography
- Factors of population growth
- Components of population change
- Population structure
- Demographic Transition
- World distribution of population
- Overpopulation and underpopulation:
- Threats
- Consequences
- Models of the internal structure of cities
- World urban patterns
- Settlement theories
- Patterns and problems within urban areas
VIII. Political, Tourism and Medical Geography
- Politics, geography and political geography
- State as a politico-territorial phenomenon
- State, nation and nation-state
- World politics and international relations
- Geopolitics of uneven development
- Globalization of capital
- Geography of tourism and recreation
- Demand for tourism and recreation
- Supply of tourism and recreation
- Impacts of tourism and recreation:
- Socio-economic impacts
- Physical and environmental impacts
- Global patterns in health and diseases
- Models in medical geography
- Recent issues and developments
Suggested Readings
| S. No. | Title | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Discovering Physical Geography, 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Alan F. Arbogast (2011) |
| 2 | Introducing Physical Geography. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons | Alan Strahler (2011) |
| 3 | Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 7th ed. London: Clays St. Davis | Barry, R. (1998) |
| 4 | McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Application, 10th ed. PHI Learning, New Delhi | Darrel Hess (2012) |
| 5 | Text Book of Population Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi | Dr. Martin Ardagh (2013) |
| 6 | Atmosphere, Climate and Change. New York: Scientific American Library | Graedel, T. (1995) |
| 7 | An Introduction to Oceanography | Johnson, H. (1996) |
| 8 | Economic Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi | Philip Emeral (2013) |
| 9 | Essentials of Physical Geography, 8th ed. Australia | Robert E. Gabler & James F. Petersen (2007) |
| 10 | Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall | Robert W. Christopherson (2009) |
| 11 | Tourism Geography. Random Publications, New Delhi | Shweta Singh (2013) |
| 12 | Elements of Physical Geography. New York: John Wiley | Strahler, A. N. (1998) |
| 13 | Natural Disaster Management: New Technologies and Opportunities. The Icfai University Press, Agartala | Subir Ghosh (2012) |
| 14 | Economic Geography, 3rd ed. PHI Learning, New Delhi | Truman A. Hartshorn (2010) |
| 15 | Environmental Geography: Science, Land Use and Earth System, 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons | William M. Marsh (2005) |
| 16 | Geography, Regions and Concepts. U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Blif, H. J. (1971) |
| 17 | Human Geography. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Blij, H. J. (2000) |
| 18 | Population Geography. Oxford: Pergamon Press | Clarke, J. I. (1965) |
| 19 | Human Geography: Culture, Society and Space, 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons | De Blij, H. J. (2003) |
| 20 | Political Geography: The Spatiality of Politics, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited | Dikshit, R. D. (2001) |
| 21 | Agricultural Geography: Issues and Applications. New Delhi: Gian Publishing House | Dube, R. S. (1987) |
| 22 | Human Geography: Landscape of Human Activities, 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education | Getis, Fellman (2005) |
| 23 | An Introduction to Agricultural Geography. London: Hutchinson | Grigg, D. (1984) |
| 24 | The Geography of Tourism and Recreation, 1st ed. London: Routledge | Hall, C. M. & Page, S. J. (1999) |
| 25 | Economic Geography. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs | Hartshorne, T. A. & Alexander, J. W. (1988) |
| 26 | Geography & Health: A Study in Medical Geography. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation | Izhar, F. (2004) |
| 27 | Geographies of Global Change. Blackwell Publishers Inc. | Johnston, R. J. (1996) |
| 28 | Urban Geography. New York: McGraw Hill | Kaplan, Wheeler (2009) |
| 29 | Human Geography: Place and Region in Global Context, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall | Knox, Paul L. (2001) |
| 30 | Agricultural Geography. London: Longman | Newbury, P. A. R. (1999) |
| 31 | Contemporary Human Geography. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited | Rubenstein, James M. (2010) |
| 32 | Tourism Geography, 1st ed. London: Routledge | Williams, S. (1998) |
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Posted : September 15, 2025 4:02 pm